[casi] Iraqi Civilians Learn the Lesson of Afghanistan - Marc W Herold

[rubytoo@DELETETHISxemaps.com]

When 'Precision' Bombing Isn't
Iraqi Civilians Learn the Lesson of Afghanistan
by Marc W. Herold
Departments of Economics and Women's Studies
Whittemore School of Business & Economics
University of New Hampshire
http://www.cursor.org/stories/mythofprecision.html
Freudian slip? A marine of the U.S. Marine Expeditionary Unit replaces the Iraqi flag at the 
entrance to Iraq's port of Umm Qasr on March 21, 2003, with the flag of the occupiers and the flag 
of the U.S. Marine Corps. The flag was later taken down as it was deemed a politically incorrect 
gesture.

POSTED MARCH 29, 2003 --

By now, those who wish to see may find all the signs of a repeat carnage - bombed buses, pulverized 
homes, an incinerated central market, flattened civilian structures [the tourist center on the 
Tigris and the large museum in Tikrit1], bombed neighborhoods, a bombed abandoned customs house, a 
girls' school leveled in Basra [see photo below], scores of wounded civilians in hospitals, etc...2 
The Pentagon, DoD, defense 'intellectuals', retired generals, and mainstream corporate press sign 
collective hosannas to 'precision' bombing which ring ever so hollow. Those who dared to look found 
the same for the U.S. attack upon Afghanistan [or the deadly night-time assault upon Panama in 
December 1989 which killed over 3,000 innocent civilians]. After a week of U.S.- U.K. attacks, 
Iraq's health minister reported on March 27th that 350 Iraqi civilians had died and 3,600 had been 
injured and the Pentagon reported that 600 Tomahawk cruise missiles, more than 4,300 
"precision-guided" bombs had been dropped in the first 6 days of the war.3

U.S. 'precision' projectiles have fallen in neighboring Turkey and Iran.4 An early report mentioned 
U.S. missiles hitting structures in Iran's city of Abadan and injuring two.5 On March 24th, another 
U.S. 'guided' missile hit the Iranian town of Qasr-e-Shirin.6 Other 'guided' weapons have downed 
'Allied' aircraft, killed 'friendly' troops, etc.. Apache downAt least one state-of-the-art Apache 
attack helicopter was hit by rifle fire and lay forlorn in a field near Karbala, an expensive 
monument to technological U.S. prowess laid to waste by simple Iraqi farmers. Apache down.

Hamza Hendawi reported on the first night of U.S. strikes upon Baghdad when scores of Raytheon 
cruise missiles and 2,000 lb. JDAM bombs delivered by F-117 stealth warplanes rained down upon 
Baghdad after 9 P.M. [incidentally, exactly the same time Afghanistan was hit on the night of 
October 7, 2001]. Iraqi radio said Saddam's family home was targeted along with homes of his three 
daughters. Hendawi continues
"After the first round of attacks, nine people were in serious but stable conditions with shrapnel 
injuries at Al-Yarmouk Hospital, Dr. Jamal Abed Hassan said. They included six members of one 
family that was having breakfast when their town 20 miles west of Baghdad was hit, he 
said...Al-Kindi Hospital in the working class Al-Nahda district treated five people for wounds, 
including Iraqi TV journalist Anmar Waheed and his sister, who were hurt as they tried to reach a 
shelter, according to Dr. Osama Saleh al-Dilimi...Information Minister Said al-Sahhaf said 
"coalition" forces hit a customs compound and an Iraqi TV facility in western Iraq...he said two 
civilian locations were struck south of Baghdad."7

The International Committee of the Red Cross confirmed on March 20th that 15 civilians had been 
injured and one killed in the first attack upon Baghdad.8 The killed civilian was near the Rutba 
crossing on the Jordanian border, whereas other casualties occurred in a building used by Iraqi 
state TV in the Al-Anbar province, 150 kilometers west of Baghdad.9

Hear the words of a Belgian doctor in Baghdad's Al-Yarmouk hospital:

Rossel Salam, a 10 year-old girl . Hurt on Friday, March 21st, in the west end of Baghdad. At about 
9 P.M. she was in her garden. There was a blast and metal splinters were flying about . Her wrist, 
forearm, hand and breast were hit. She has multiple fractures. A tube has been put in her thorax, 
her lung was hit and blood has entered her chest cavity. She is visible in great pain. When we want 
to take pictures she is very brave. Her dad cautiously removes the blanket to show us her wounds. 
She is moaning with pain and stretches out her hand, fingers opened. Her dad stoops forward, takes 
her hand and softly talks to her. I ask her 'how are you feeling?'. 'I am alright', she says but 
you can see that she is not alright. She is ten and already proud. Her father, 44 with two 
children, adds: 'we are strong, they cannot bully us and we are going to win'. His morale is 
clearly not broken, despite his daughter's serious injuries. It may even motivate him more not to 
have his country squandered. The Iraqis are proud people with a long history. At school they are 
taught a lot about the past, they are conscious of their value.

Sahad Asan, 10. Hurt yesterday at about 9 pm while at home. Twelve people were hit at the same time 
in that neighborhood. Injuries on both legs and in his belly. He has a drain in his belly. He is 
visibly in great pain. Weah, his 25-year-old cousin is angry with us: 'why are you here? don't you 
see it is terrible enough as it is?' Doctor Faysal rebukes him, we don't understand him, but we get 
the gist of his words. Faysal explains that the man takes us for journalists and does not 
understand why we are here.

On March 26th, U.S. State Department spokesman Richard Boucher intoned once again [after 
apologizing for killing five Syrian civilians],
"American forces will continue to attempt to protect civilian lives to the greatest extent 
possible."10

Robert Fisk wrote about "bubbles of fire" tearing into the night sky of Baghdad, dark red at the 
base, golden at the top.11 He mentioned the first civilian killed in Baghdad: a taxi driver blown 
to pieces in the first American raid on Baghdad. A couple of days later, Fisk provided details of 
the human face of the U.S. air war upon Iraq,
"...five-year-old Doha Suheil...looked at me yesterday morning, drip feed attached to her nose, a 
deep frown over her small face as she tried vainly to move the left side of her body. The cruise 
missiles that exploded close to her home in the Radwaniyeh suburb of Baghdad blasted shrapnel into 
her tiny legs, they were bound up with gauze and, far more seriously, into her spine. Now she has 
lost all movement in her left leg...[Doha] was the first of 101 patients brought to the 
Al-Mustansaniya College Hospital after the American blitz on the city began Friday night. Seven 
other members of her family were wounded in the same cruise missile bombardment...[or] take 
50-year-old Amel Hassan, a peasant woman with tattoos on her arms and legs but who now lies on her 
hospital bed with massive purple bruises on her shoulders they are now twice their original size 
who was on her way to visit her daughter when the first American missile struck Baghdad. "I was 
just getting out of the taxi when there was a big explosion and I fell down and found blood 
everywhere," she told me. "It was on my arms, my legs, my chest."...Her five-year-old daughter 
Wahed lies in the next bed, whimpering with pain. She had climbed out of the taxi first and was 
almost at her aunt's front door when the explosion cut her down. Her feet are still bleeding 
although the blood has clotted around her toes and is staunched by the bandages on her ankles and 
lower legs. Two little boys are in the next room. Sade Selim is 11; his brother Omar is 14. Both 
have shrapnel wounds to their legs and chest."12

The same scenes are repeated across Iraq after U.S. bombs and missiles rain down. Echoes of 
Afghanistan. Even the photos look familiar (see above). General Franks, Secretary Rumsfeld, Vernon 
Loeb and Tom Ricks [of the Washington Post]13 , etc. recycle the old tired texts used in the winter 
of 2001/2. As in the Afghan battle of Shah-i-Kot where a French pilot of a Mirage 2000 fighter 
plane refused to drop bombs upon a U.S.-chosen target, so in Iraq the pilot of a F/A-18 Super 
Hornet refuses to do the same, feeling Iraqi civilians would've been killed.14  The U.S. military 
and media strive, again, to present a vision of combat as bloodless and antiseptic, though with 
considerably less success this round as compared to the Afghan case.15 For its part, Al-Jazeera 
broadcasts chilling photos of dismembered Iraqis, destroyed buildings, and captured U.S. troops. It 
is joined now by other Gulf state TV stations who now dominate the production of images, as the 
Iraq regime sent the propagandists of CNN off packing on Friday, March 21st.

The effects of U.S. 'precision bombing' in Baghdad were captured by Carolyn Cole, whose pictures 
were featured in the Los Angeles Times [March 24, 2003]. She shows the Radiha Khatoum neighborhood 
where crushed buildings buried a woman and Iraqi rescue workers furiously labored to recover the 
body. She shows Shahid Halid, 9, resting in a hospital, unaware that her mother was killed in that 
U.S. "precision" strike.

At 7:30 PM on Saturday, U.S. bombs rained down on the Qadissiya neighborhood of old central 
Baghdad. Shafa Hussein returned from taking her sick son to a Baghdad hospital and found her home 
in ruins. Five other homes were demolished and 10 others damaged. The residents said the target 
must have been President Hussein's Salam palace, located about 3 kilometers away.16

Mr. Rumsfeld, on the other hand, endlessly asserts on the surgical nature of the U.S. strikes upon 
'military targets':
"The images on television tend to leave the impression that we're bombing Baghdad. The coalition 
forces are not bombing Baghdad."17

On Saturday, Al-Jazeera's team in the city of Basra sent out graphic pictures of dead and wounded 
civilians. These images were all but ignored in the West, which was fixated upon the couple of 
pictures of American prisoners of war.

On Sunday, a U.S. 'precision' air-to-surface missile struck a passenger bus on the Iraqi side of 
the Syrian border, as it carried Syrian civilians fleeing the war.18 Five people were killed and 10 
wounded. A wounded worker, Marwan al-Shayesh, told Syrian TV that the missile struck when the bus 
had stopped near a bridge for a short rest and the passengers were climbing out.

The destruction of Iraq's civilian infrastructure - though not yet on the scale of 1991 - is 
proceeding and promises to accelerate as the battle of Baghdad unfolds. We all saw the dramatic 
photos of Baghdad burning, the walls of fire and mushroom orange clouds, during the first nights of 
U.S. missile and bomb attacks. Unlike in Afghanistan, the more developed Iraqi state had built 
sprawling administrative structures in areas removed from residential neighborhoods. Hence, the 
early U.S. bombing of the west bank of the Tigris River in Baghdad spared most civilians. But, the 
infrastructural damage has been nonetheless significant : bridges hit in western Iraq, a direct hit 
on the museum in Tikrit [yes!], a couple of direct hits on Friday night upon the Kharrada tourist 
complex on the banks of the Tigris.

Two members of Iraq Peace Team left Baghdad for Jordan on March 23rd and wrote about their journey,
"The trip from Baghdad was lonely and creepy. We saw burning oil pits, bombed and burned out cars 
of the side of the road, a couple of downed bridges, a destroyed roadside tea stand [the place we 
always stop on the trip to Baghdad from Amman], a destroyed ambulance abandoned down the 
embankment, a few routes hastily blocked with piles of rock, etc."

The BBC reporter and resident of Baghdad, Subhy Haddad, visited civilians injured in the U.S. 
raids, at the Al-Nouman hospital in northern Baghdad.19  The hospital surgeon said 29 people had 
been injured in a missile or bomb attack on northern Baghdad at noon with 5 dying on the way to the 
hospital. Haddad interviewed some of the injured able to speak,
"One of them, a 12-year-old girl, Shad Khalil, said that all the six members of her family were 
seriously injured when the missiles fell on the area she lives in. Among the injured was a 
40-year-old woman called Thana Wahid Jassim who works as an engineer in a local private company. 
She said a missile had fallen on her house. All the members of her family, including her husband, 
were seriously injured, she told us. Her husband was undergoing surgery. She said the blast was so 
strong that the ceiling fell on their heads. We asked some of the injured whether there were any 
military targets in the area. They all said the only famous building in the area was the Royal 
Cemetery, where the old kings of Iraq are buried. It is a residential area - I know it very well."

Dr. April Hurley of Iraq Peace Team presents further details of the wounded of Baghdad in her 
article "Outrage in Baghdad."20

Also on the 25th, James Meek of The Guardian reported from the heavily fought-over town of 
Nassiriya. He spoke with the surgical assistant at the city's Saddam hospital, who told him that on 
Sunday, U.S. bombs fell on Nassiriya's civilian areas, killing 10.22 An unconfirmed report 
mentioned British troops shooting at civilians in the town of Safwan on the 25th, a town hard hit - 
as many as a dozen people were killed - in the early days of the war as U.S. and U.K. forces headed 
north.23

Reporting from Baghdad, the Washington Post's Anthony Shadid described what happened to the Khalil 
family on Tuesday, as they sat down at noon, to east boiled eggs, tomatoes and bread.23 As the two 
children told stories, a whisper sound was heard. In seconds, the house was shattered by an 
American 'precision' cruise missile. Um Aqeel, the mother of five children, and her 
daughter-in-law, Sahar, were killed. Two sons and a daughter were wounded. Some time later at the 
hospital, the head of 14-year old Ali, another son of the Khalil family, was wrapped in a bandage. 
His sister, Shahid, 9, lay motionless. Her fingernails were painted in sparkles and ringed by dried 
blood.

U.S. Army Brigadier General Vincent Brooks24 at Camp As Sayliyah, Qatar, media center of U.S. 
Central Command soothes,
"We do everything physically and scientifically possible to be precise in our targeting."25

While independent reporters are present in the larger cities, what happens in the Iraqi countryside 
goes largely unspoken. A few rare, courageous people have ventured out there and written about 
their experiences. One such is Jo Wilding, a human rights observer of the group, Iraq Peace Watch, 
sends out occasional reports. In the entry for March 26th, Wilding describes U.S. attacks carried 
out on March 22, 23, 25 and 26th:

    * March 22nd in the farming community of Al Doraa. At 4 P.M. U.S. Apache helicopters attacked. 
Atta Jassim died when a US 'guided' missile hit his house. Moen, his 8-yr-old son received multiple 
bowel and intestinal injuries from shrapnel. His 6-yr.-old brother Ali and mother Hana were also 
injured.
    * March 25th in Al Mahmoodia, South Baghdad. Saad Shalash Aday is another farmer. He had a 
fractured leg and multiple shrapnel wounds including a ruptured spleen, perforated caecum, colon 
and small bowel, abdominal and leg wounds. Two of his brothers, Mohammed and Mobden, were also 
injured and ten year old twin boys Ahmed and Daha Assan were killed in the same house when a bomb 
exploded two or three meters from the building. The doctor, Dr Ahmed Abdullah, said two other men 
were killed in the same attack around 6 P.M. yesterday (Tuesday): Kherifa Mohammed Jebur, a 35 year 
old farmer and another man whose name nobody present knew. Eight houses and four cars were 
destroyed and cows, sheep and dogs were killed. The eyewitnesses described two bombs, each causing 
an explosion in the air, and cylindrical containers - cluster bombs, some of which exploded on the 
ground. Others did not explode. The two explosions were about 300 meters apart, with a few minutes 
between them. From first hearing the plane overhead until the second explosion, they estimated, 
took about 10 minutes. "Is this democracy?" the men demanded to know, gathered by Saad's bed. "Is 
this what America is bringing to Iraq?"
    * March 26th . At 9 this morning a group of caravans was hit with cluster bombs, according to 
the doctors. A tiny boy lay in terrible pain in the hospital, a tube draining blood from his chest, 
which was pierced by shrapnel. They said he was eight, but he looked maybe five. The doctors were 
testing for abdominal damage as well. I'm not sure whether he knew yet, or could understand, that 
his mother was killed instantly and his five sisters and two brothers were not yet found. His 
father had gone to bring blood for him and his uncle, Dia, was with him. Rusol Ammar, a skinny ten 
year old girl with startling eyes, flinched occasionally when breathing hurt her - she had multiple 
injuries from glass and shrapnel, as well as a fractured hand. Dr. Ahmed explained that, at the 
velocity caused by an explosion, even a grain of sand could cause injury to a child Rusol's size. 
They weren't yet sure what was in her chest. Her dad said something hit their street and exploded. 
They were in their house and tried to close the door against the fireball but the windows blew in 
and the glass and shrapnel flew everywhere. His other children were unhurt. Rusol smiled the most 
gorgeous smile when we told her how brave she is, and that it will give courage to children 
everywhere when we tell them how brave she is.
    * March 23rd in Babylon. Today I met Essa Jassim Najim, a 28 year old first-year engineering 
student from a farming family near Babylon. He couldn't speak because of shrapnel wounds to his 
head and neck but his father explained that three days ago they were attacked by two groups of 
Apache helicopters. The first group attempted to land and the farmers resisted them with guns, 
aided by the Civil Defence Force. The second group of helicopters attacked the house, destroying it 
with a missile.

At 11:30 AM on March 26th, two U.S. cruise missiles slammed into the central marketplace crowded 
with shoppers and motorists, consisting of 30 shops and residences in the populated neighborhood of 
Al-Shaab in northern Baghdad, killing 15-27 innocent civilians, breaking water mains flooding 
streets, downing street lights. Hamza Hendawi reported,
"Two cruise missiles have struck a residential area in Baghdad, killing at least 15 people, Iraqi 
defence officials said. The attack occurred in the northern Baghdad neighborhood of Al-Shaab, which 
contains dozens of shops and homes. The Arabic satellite television channel Al-Jazeera showed 
several charred cars and at least one bloodied body being carried away. Hundreds of people stood in 
front of what appeared to be a bombed-out building, some holding their fists in the air and 
shouting, "There is no God but God!" Associated Press Television News video showed a large crater 
in the middle of the street, a smoldering building, a child with a head bandage, and bodies wrapped 
in plastic sheeting in the back of a pickup truck."26

Robert Fisk visited the Abu Taleb Street in this dirt-poor mostly Shia muslim neighborhood - a 
place of oil-sodden car-repair shops, overcrowded apartments and cheap cafes.27 He wrote,
"It was an outrage, an obscenity. The severed hand on the metal door, the swamp of blood and mud 
across the road, the human brains inside a garage, the incinerated, skeletal remains of an Iraqi 
mother and her three small children in the still-smouldering car...the final death toll is expected 
to be near to 30 and Iraqis are now witnessing these awful things each day...Abu Hassan and Malek 
Hammoud were preparing lunch for customers at the Nasser restaurant on the north side of Abu Taleb 
Street. The missile that killed them landed next to the westbound carriageway, its blast tearing 
away the front of the cafe and cutting the two men - the first 48, the second only 18 - to pieces. 
A fellow worker led me through the rubble. "This is all that is left of them now," he said, holding 
out before me an oven pan dripping with blood."

The Al-Shaab neighborhood in northern Baghdad showing destroyed homes and vehicles, hit by U.S. 
'precision bombing' [AP and Reuters photos]. More pictures of the carnage at 
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/photo_gallery/2888307.stm

The initial U.S. response was that it 'knows nothing' of the Baghdad market bombing and that its 
invasion of Iraq is on schedule.28

Also on the 26th, a U.S. bomb and missile attack on Iraqi TV probably represented an attempt at 
censorship and may have breached the Geneva Conventions - note that a similar US assault took place 
on the Taliban's radio and TV stations in early October 2001.29 The prestigious International 
Federation of Journalists notes that international law forbids attacks upon TV and radio stations 
unless they are used for military purposes.

Reuters reported on a bus filled with 20 men which was fired upon in "a storm of bullets" by 
advancing US troops.30 Twenty corpses littered the ground in the village of Qal'at Sukkar. Marines 
searching the blood-stained luggage could produce only two small handguns!

But, Mr. Rumsfeld reassures the American public,
"The images on television tend to leave the impression that we're bombing Baghdad. The coalition 
forces are not bombing Baghdad."

On Day 7 of the U.S. assault upon Iraq, U.S. forces killed upwards of 40 Iraqi civilians. Al 
Jazeera's team in the city of Mosul reported that seven houses were destroyed and bombs had killed 
or wounded more than 50 civilians.31 Footage from the area depicted destroyed houses and trucks 
filled with bags leaving the scene.32 In the southern city of Al-Zubayr, two Reuters journalists 
cited residents saying as many as 15 had been killed by US-UK firing. Om Talai, 40, her youngest 
child at her feet, lamented
"We live in fear at night....already two of our houses have been destroyed. Why must they fire on 
our houses and kill civilians?"33

The heavy bombardment of Baghdad continued - walls of fire and clouds of smoke billowing from 
stricken buildings. The Information Ministry was targeted, witnesses said.34 They also noted that a 
housing complex for employees of a weapons-producing facility about 12 miles south of Baghdad was 
hit and that an unknown number of people were killed and wounded. The al-Ulwiyya telecommunications 
center on a main avenue in the central Saadoun neighborhood was destroyed.35 Iraqi officials said 
the Thursday attacks on Baghdad had killed seven and wounded 92 civilians.

To all this, another eight dead and 33 injured should be added when two more US "precision" bombs 
slammed into the Al-Mansour residential district in central Baghdad. Witnesses said one resident 
was thrown by the explosion as he completed his noon prayers.36 Amy Goodman spoke with an Iraqi 
engineer on the 27th who provided details of life under US bombs in Baghdad.37  A few hours after 
the attack upon the Al-Mansour neighborhood which killed at least 8, another US 'precision' bomb 
struck the Shula residential area of northwestern Baghdad, killing 52-58 more innocent Iraqis and 
wounding many more.38

As Jo Wilding wrote on March 28th, "home isn't safe, the farms are not safe, the market isn't safe. 
Nowhere is safe."39

Doha Sheil of Baghdad tried vainly to move the left side of her body. And the bearded militiaman in 
al-Shaab,
"Knelt in the rain and used his gun to shift the earth of the bomb crater. "There is a hand still 
here in the ground," said Wasim al-Shinmari. "I can't touch it. I'm sorry, but I just can't touch 
it." He exposed what looked like a pale lump of human flesh against the dirt, and then dissolved in 
sobs. "The bodies went to hospital, but the hand is here," he said. Around him a small circle of 
men shouted: haram, haram - abomination. But it was unclear whether they meant the unburied human 
remains, or the audacity of America's bloody attack on an otherwise unremarkable suburb of 
Baghdad."40

Haram!

-- 30 --

Footnotes

1. Annick Benoist [in Paris], "Iraq's Heritage in Jeopardy," Middle East Online [March 27, 2003] 
with a photo of the US bomb impact upon the Tikrit museum

2. Data on the numbers of Iraqi civilians killed in the U.S-U.K. military campaign, may be found at 
the website of the Iraq Body Count team, www.iraqbodycount.net

3. "Guerra matou 350 civis iraquianos e feriu 4,000, diz ministro," Folha de Sao Paulo OnLine 
[March 27, 2003 at 06:16]; also Jacques Charmelot, "Iraq: More Than 350 Killed in First Week of 
War," Middle East Online [March 27, 2003]

4. Illene R. Prusher, "Errant US Missile Raises Ire of Turkish Villagers," Christian Science 
Monitor [March 25, 2003]

5. Mohammad Amini and Dan De Luce, "Basra Hit By Bombardment," The Guardian [March 21, 2003] and 
"Iranian Oil Ministry Building Near Iraq Hit by Missile," AP World at Yahoo!News [March 21, 2003]

6. "Third Stray Coalition Missile Lands in Iran," The News [March 27, 2003]

7. Hamza Hendawi, "Baghdad Pounded by Bombs for Second Night," Associated Press [March 20, 2003 at 
3:19 PM EST]

8. "15 Civilians Injured in First Attack: Red Cross," ABC.net.au [March 21, 2003]

9. Samia Nakhoul [in Baghdad], "Civilians Hit, Says Baghdad," The Age [March 21, 2003]

10. "US 'Regrets Deaths' in Bus Blast," Herald Sun [March 26, 2003]

11. Robert Fisk [in Baghdad], "Bubbles of Fire Tore into the Sky Above Baghdad," The Independent 
[March 21, 2003]

12. Robert Fisk [in Baghdad], "This is the Reality of War. We Bomb. They Suffer," The Independent 
[March 23, 2003]

13. Writing about the "new American way of war" in The Washington Post, Thomas E. Ricks recently 
pointed out that the past decade has seen a dramatic increase in the military's ability to hit 
long-range targets with "unprecedented precision... relying as never before on gigabytes of 
targeting information gathered on the ground, in the air, and from space."

14. "Targeting Civilians Creates a Rift in Anglo-American Troops," The Balochistan Post [March 26, 
2003]

15. Patrick J. Sloyan, "War Without Death: The Pentagon Promotes a Vision of Combat as Bloodless 
and Antiseptic," San Francisco Chronicle [November 17, 2002]

16. Hassan Hafidh [in Baghdad], "Air Raids Wreck Civilian Homes in Baghdad," Reuters [March 23, 
2003 at 06:32 AM ET]

17. Linda Diebel, "'Real-Time' TV Coverage a Real Headache for Bush," Toronto Star [March 24, 2003]

18. "Syria Claims U.S. Missile Strike Deaths," Associated Press [March 24, 2003]

19. Subhy Haddad, "Eyewitness: Visiting Baghdad's Wounded," BBC News [March 25, 2003 at 10:59 GMT]

20. at http://electroniciraq.net/news/394.shtml dated March 24, 2 004. Photos from Baghdad's 
emergency rooms may be found at http://electronicIraq.net/news/394.shtml

21. Paul Reynolds, "Basra: Why They Are Not Cheering," BBC News [March 25, 2003 at 13:53 GMT]

22. Geoffrey York, "Few in Safwan Want to Forgive, Forget," The Globe and Mail [March 26, 2003]

23. Anthony Shahid in Baghdad, "Missile Strike Shatters a House, and a Family," Washington Post 
[March 25, 2003]

24. for background on Brooks, see http://www.suntimes.com/output/iraq/cst-nws-brooks27.html

25. "U.S. Confirms Firing Missiles Into Iraqi Neighborhood. Iraq Says 14 People Were Killed," 
NBC6.net [March 26, 2003 at 2:51 EST]

26. Hamaz Hendawi, "US Missiles Hit Civilians: Report," Associated Press [March 26, 2003] and 
Suzanne Goldenberg, "Wayward Bombs Bring Marketplace Carnage," The Guardian [March 27, 2003]

27. Robert Fisk, "It Was an Outrage, an Obscenity," The Independent [March 27, 2003]

28. "US 'Knows Nothing' of Baghdad Market Strike," ABC News Online Australia [March 27, 2003 at 
4:09 AM AEDT]

29. "Group: Iraq TV Raid May Break Geneva Convention," Reuters [March 26, 2003 at 06:49 AM ET]

30. Sean Maguire, "U.S. Advance Leaves Bus Full of Corpses," Reuters [March 27, 2003 at 14:55 GMT]

31. Estimated as follows : 15 in Al-Zubayr, 7 in Baghdad, and assuming a 2:1 ratio of injured to 
killed, ~17 in Mosul.

32. "'Civilians Killed' in Mosul Raid," Herald Sun [March 28, 2003]

33. Michael Georgy and Rosalind Russell [in Al-Zubayr], "Iraqi Militia Pin Down U.S-Led Forces in 
South," Reuters/Yahoo!News [March 27, 2003 at 1:49 PM ET]

34. "Baghdad Under Air Attack Again," Ananova [March 27, 2003 at 21:24] with photo of Baghdad in 
flames

35. "Baghdad Pounded in New Air Strikes," Middle East Online [March 28, 2003 at 09:41], with photo 
of Baghdad in smoke

36. "Coalition Raid on Baghdad Kills Eight Iraqis," Middle East Online [March 28, 2003 at 13:17], 
At http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/iraq/?id=4917

37. At http://www.jihadunspun.net/intheatre_external.php?article=49508&list=/home.php

38. "'Many Dead' in Baghdad Blast," BBC News [March 28, 2003 at 22:22 GMT], and Suzanne Goldenberg, 
"52 Die in Baghdad Market Blast," The Guardian [March 29, 2003]

39. Jo Wilding, "Iraq Diary: Nowhere is Safe," The Guardian [March 28, 2003]



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