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[casi] Was destruction of Iraqi water facilities deliberate?




[ Presenting plain-text part of multi-format email ]

In a message dated 18/03/03 00:21:19 GMT Standard Time, Charlie Chimp 1
writes:


> RM-COUNSEL] Proof - The US Deliberate Genocidal Acts Against Iraq
> Date: 17/03/03 08:39:34 GMT Standard Time
> From: <A HREF="mailto:cwolman@mcn.org">cwolman@mcn.org</A>
> Reply-to: <A HREF="mailto:RM-COUNSEL@yahoogroups.com">RM-COUNSEL@yahoogroups.com</A>
> To: <A HREF="mailto:RM-COUNSEL@yahoogroups.com">RM-COUNSEL@yahoogroups.com</A>
> Sent from the Internet (Details)
>
>
>
> ----- Original Message -----
> From: <prop1@prop1.org>
> To: <nucnews@yahoogroups.com>
> Sent: Saturday, March 15, 2003 11:57 AM
> Subject: [NucNews] Proof - The US Planned Genocidal Acts Against Iraq
>
>
> > [War crime, for sure. et]
> >
> > Proof - The US Planned Genocidal Acts Against Iraq
> >
> >
> http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/declassdocs/dia/19950901/950901_511rept_91.html
> >
> > Friday, 14 March 2003, 5:40 pm, Scoop (New Zealand)
> > http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/WO0303/S00194.htm
> >
> > Clear And Irrefutable Proof The US Government Planned And Executed
> > Genocidal Acts Against The Iraqi People.
> >
> > Information Clearing House – News You Won't Find On CNN
> > From: http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article2108.htm
> > 03/13/03
> >
> > Our Worst Fears Confirmed.
> >
> > Washington professor Tom Nagy appeared tonight (March 13 , 2003) on the
> > national Swiss TV-channel SFDRS 1:
> >
> > This Washington professor presented Pentagon papers providing hard
> > evidence on the past and present war-doctrines of the USAF and other US
> > troops.
> >
> > These documents are hard evidence and proof of intentional genocide
> > against the entire Iraqi civilian population. These war crimes we
> > committed by destroying the water systems with precision bombing .
> >
> > The bombing of the Iraqi water systems never was an obvious intentional
> > target ! It' worked well in 1991, so we can expect that they'll use it
> > once again. These US-War Criminals should be brought to justice.
> >
> > A further US attack on Iraq's water purification systems will bring
> > untold deaths due to lack of clean drinkable water and will ultimately
> > lead to the deaths of million of Iraqi Civilians.
> >
> > We really have to face this clearly.
> >
> > The US-Government is prepared to commit intentionally an unimaginable
> > GENOCIDE.
> >
> > We have the common duty to do whatever it takes to stop this war,
> > everything possible which fits the concept of Peace and avoids the
> > concept of War .
> >
> > =
> >
> > Our Swiss reader has been kind enough to provide this further update.
> >
> > It's already late-night here in Switzerland , but this incredible
> > war-craze merits every effort at any time to be stopped.
> >
> > So this is what happened on Swiss-TV tonight :
> >
> > Tonight, March 13, 2003 , approx. 21:15 Swiss Time , the Swiss National
> > TV-Channel SFDRS 1 broadcasted its regular weekly show MTV (stands in
> > German for Menschen, Technik, Wissenschaft = Humans, Technology,
> > Science). In the prime-news at 20:00 they gave already a short info on
> > this coming issue, that an interview with US Professor Tom Nagy on the
> > Water-War and Genocide on the Iraqi population will be broadcast in the
> > MTW-show . Professor Nagy works at the George Washington University ,
> > Washington DC, 20052 USA, in the Department of Management Science .
> >
> > His email address is nagy@gwu.edu,
> >
> > his website-url is: http://home.gwu.edu/~nagy/
> >
> > both of these links were provided on the Swiss-TV homepage
> > http://www.sfdrs.ch
> >
> > and there under programs (Sendungen)/MTV, and there was also the link to
> > the declassified Pentagon papers he cited and explained in the interview
> :
> >
> >
> http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/declassdocs/dia/19950901/950901_511rept_91.html
> >
> > During his interview (about 15 minutes altogether), Mr. Nagy presented
> > several Pentagon-files from 1991 to 1998.
> >
> > He said these documents were strictly classified until they succeeded in
> > their struggle to get them declassified not so long ago. He showed a
> > Pentagon paper from 1991 and explained, that it contains the USAF's
> > strategy to intentionally destroy the Iraqi water-systems, which is a
> > very hard breach of the Geneva-conventions and therefore a warcrime to
> > be prosecuted under international law .
> >
> > When asked by the interviewer, if he shares this view, Mr. Nagy was sad
> > because he had to agree completely. He showed then further Pentagon
> > papers from 1998 which made the following statements and comments
> > necessary from his part: the USAF concluded, that this method used in
> > the first Gulf-war was very effective, even more in combination with the
> > fact, that the US and the UK abused the embargo to prevent Iraq from the
> > import of chlorine for water-desinfection.
> >
> > This drama caused already the death of more than 500'000 Iraqi children,
> > Mr. Nagy said, and currently are 6000 Iraqi children dying in a week due
> > to nothing else than the lack of clean water ... .
> >
> > And then he went on saying, that the US Generals found this method
> > really convincing and working, and that the orders given to the USAF for
> > the coming war give precise information on the planned and intentional
> > destruction of the entire Iraqi water-supply-system .
> >
> > He said, the USAF will therefore use their high-precision laser-guided
> > missiles again to bomb the Iraqi water-systems definitely into the
> > ground now, and that this will be officially communicated as 'collateral
> > damages'. And then he made a kind of résumé of all these bitter facts
> > and had to conclude, that there is no other way to look at this than as
> > a clear attempt to commit intentional Genocide , because the USAF and
> > the US Army knew and knows today that this strategy will kill literally
> > Millions of innocent Iraqis . He said it will be only a matter of months
> > then until probably the great majority of Iraqis will have died, the
> > children first, for they are sick already now ..... .
> >
>
> > THIS MUST BECOME PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE IN THE ENTIRE USA !!!
> >
> > DIA's Declassified: "IRAQ WATER TREATMMENT VULNERABILITIES (U)"
> >
> > Original Document:
> >
> http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/declassdocs/dia/19950901/950901_511rept_91.html
> >
> > Filename:511rept.91
> >
> > DTG: 221900Z JAN 91
> >
> > FM: DIA WASHINGTON DC
> > VIA: NMIST NET
> > TO: CENTCOM
> > INFO: CENTAF
> > UK STRIKE COMMAND
> > MARCENT
> > 18 ABC
> > NAVCENT
> > SOCCENT
> > 7TH CORPS
> > ANKARA
> >
> > SUBJECT: IRAQ WATER TREATMMENT VULNERABILITIES (U)
> >
> > AS OF 18 JAN 91 KEY JUDGMENTS.
> >
> > 1. IRAO DEPENDS ON IMPORTING-SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENT-AND SOME CHEMICALS TO
> > PURIFY ITS WATER SUPPLY, MOST OF WHICH IS HEAVILY MINERALIZED AND
> > FREQUENTLY BRACKISH TO SALINE.
> >
> > 2. WITH NO DOMESTIC SOURCES OF BOTH WATER TREATMENT REPLACEMENT PARTS
> > AND SOME ESSENTIAL CHEMICALS, IRAO WILL CONTINUE ATTEMPTS TO CIRCUMVENT
> > UNITED NATIONS SANCTIONS TO IMPORT THESE VITAL COMMODITIES.
> >
> > 3. FAILING TO SECURE SUPPLIES WILL RESULT IN A SHORTAGE OF PURE DRINKING
> > WATER FOR MUCH OF THE POPULATION. THIS COULD LEAD TO INCREASED
> > INCIDENCES, IF NOT EPIDEMICS, OF DISEASE AND TO CERTAIN
> > PURE-WATER-DEPENDENT INDUSTRIES BECOMING INCAPACITATED, INCLUDING PETRO
> > CHEMICALS, FERTILIZERS, PETROLEUM REFINING, ELECTRONICS,PHARMACEUTICALS,
> > FOOD PROCESSING, TEXTILES, CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION,AND THERMAL POWERPLANTS.
> >
> > 4. IRAQ'S OVERALL WATER TREATMENT CAPABILITY WILL SUFFER A SLOW DECLINE,
> > RATHER THAN A PRECIPITOUS HALT, AS DWINDLING SUPPLIES AND CANNIBALIZED
> > PARTS ARE CONCENTRATED AT HIGHER PRIORITY LOCATIONS. ALTHOUGH IRAQ IS
> > ALREADY EXPERIENCING A LOSS OF WATERTREATMENT CAPABILITY, IT PROBABLY
> > WILL TAKE AT LEAST SIX MONTHS (TO JUNE 1991) BEFORE THE SYSTEM IS FULLY
> > DEGRADED.
> >
> > 5. UNLESS WATER TREATMENT SUPPLIES ARE EXEMPTED FROM THE UNSANCTIONS FOR
> > HUMANITARIAN REASONS, NO ADEQUATE SOLUTION EXISTS FOR IRAQ'S WATER
> > PURIFICATION DILEMMA, SINCE NO SUITABLE ALTERNATIVES,INCLUDING LOOTING
> > SUPPLIES FROM KUWAIT, SUFFICIENTLY MEET IRAQI NEEDS.)
> >
> > 6. IRAQI WATER QUALITY. SURFACE WATER FROM THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES
> > RIVER SYSTEM SUPPLIES ABOUT HALF OF IRAQ'S LAND AREA,INCLUDING URBAN
> > AREAS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED INDUSTRIES. IRAQ'S REMAINING AREA, PRIMARILY
> > RURAL, RELIES ON GROUND WATER FROM WELLS.THE QUALITY OF UNTREATED WATER
> > THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY VARIES WIDELY BUT GENERALLY IS POOR. HEAVY
> > MINERALIZATION, SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND,FREQUENTLY, HIGH SALINITY
> > CHARACTERIZE IRAQ'S WATER SUPPLY.ALTHoUGH IRAQ HAS MADE A CONSIDERABLE
> > EFFORT TO SUPPLY PURE WATER TO ITS POPULATION, THE WATER TREATMENT
> > SYSTEM WAS UNRELIABLE EVEN BEFORE THE UNITED NATIONS SANCTIONS SALINITY
> > CHARACTERIZE IRAO'S WATER SUPPLY.ALTHOUGH IRAQ HAS MADE A CONSIDERABLE
> > EFFORT TO SUPPLY PURE WATER TO ITS POPULATION, THE WATER TREATMENT
> > SYSTEM WAS UNRELIABLE EVEN BEFORE THE UNITED NATIONS SANCTIONS WERE
> > IMPOSED. MOST IRAOIS PREFER TO DRINK IMPORTED BOTTLED WATER.
> >
> > 7. THE MINERALS IN THE WATER INCLUDE CONCENTRATIONS OF CARBONATES,
> > SULPHATES, CHLORIDES, AND, IN SOME LOCATIONS, NITRATES.DRINKING HEAVILY
> > MINERALIZED WATER COULD RESULT IN DIARRHEA AND,OVER THE LONG TERM,
> > STONES FORMING WITHIN THE BODY. FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS, PIPES AND
> > OTHER EOUIPMENT WOULD SCALE (BECOME ENCRUSTED), EVENTUALLY CAUSING
> > PLANTS TO SHUT DOWN. SCALING IN BOILERS WOULD CAUSE EXPLOSIONS IF NOT
> > PREVENTED OR REMOVED.
> >
> > 8. MUCH OF IRAO'S GROUND WATER SUPPLIES ARE BRACKISH TO SALINE.
> > THE,LARGE RESERVOIRS NEAR BAGHDAD--THE THARTHAR, -. HABBANIYAH, AND AL
> > MILH LAKES--ARE SALINE. SINCE THESE LAKES SERVE AS CATCH BASINS FOR
> > FLOODS ON THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVERS, THE IRAOIS MUST REDUCE THE
> > WATER VOLUME IN-THE LAKES DURING THE LOW-WATER SEASON. EVAPARATlON
> > DURING THE SUMMER -ACCOMPLISHES THIS IMPART. SINCE REDUCING THE WATER
> > VOLUME IN THE LAKES ONLY INCREASES SALINITY, THE IRAQIS FLUSH THE LAKES
> > BY DIVERTING FRESH WATER FROM UP STREAM ON THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES. THE
> > FLOW IS DISCHARGED FURTHER DOWNSTREAM TO AVOID FILLING THE BASINS. SINCE
> > THE DISCHARGE OCCURS WHERE THE RIVERS ENTER THE MESOPOTAMIAN PLAIN, THE
> > DISCHARGE INCREASES THE NATURAL SALINITY OF THE WATERS DOWNSTREAM,
> > AFFECTING IRRIGATED AGRICULTURAL LANDS IRAQ SPECIALIZES IN-
> > SALINE-RESISTANT CROPS SUCH AS BARLEr AND DATES) AND URBAN AREAS,
> > INCLUDING BAGHDAD.THE KARKH WATER TREATMENT PROJECT FOR WESTERN BAGHDAD
> > HAS AN IN TAKE POINT ABOUT 40 KILOMETERS NORTH OF BAGHDAD, UPSTREAM FROM
> > WHERE LAKE THARTHAR DISCHARGES INTO THE TIGRIS. WATER BELOW THE
> > DISCHARGE POINT REQUIRES DESALINIZATION.
> >
> > 9. AT BASRAH, THE SHATT AL ARAB TENDS TO BE SALINE UNDER CONDITIONS OF
> > LOW-RIVER WATER VOLUMES AND DEPENDING ON TIDE AND WIND DIRECTIONS.
> > NORMALLY, THE SHATT AL ARAB AT BASRAH HAS A SALINITY OF 1,500 TO 2,000
> > PARTS PER MILLION (PPM). SALINITY HAS BEEN INCREASING OVER THE LAST 5
> > YEARS, AND IN THE FALL 1989, THE SALINITY HAD REACHED 6,000 TO 7,000
> > PPM, HIGHER THAN EXISTING DESALINIZATION SYSTEMS COULD HANDLE. (OCEAN
> > SEAWATER IS ABOUT 36,000 PPM OF DISSOLVED SALTS; THE PERSIAN GULF IS
> > APPROXIMATELY 42,000 PPM.BRACKISH WATER IS A MINIMUM OF 1,000 PPM. THE
> > WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION STANDARD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION IS 500 PPM OR
> > LESS.GROUND WATER IN IRAO'S LOWER MESOPOTAMIAN BASIN RANGES FROM 5,000
> > TO 60,000 PPM, WITH SOME LOCATIONS REACHING 80,000). SALINE WATER IS
> > UNFIT FOR DRINKING AND CORRODES INDUSTRIAL PIPES OR OTHER EXPOSED
> EQUIPMENT.
> >
> > 10. (U) SUSPENDED SOLIDS, PRIMARILY SILT, IN THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES
> > RIVER SYSTEM INCREASE WITH WATER VOLUME. UNLESS REMOVED FROM THE WATER,
> > THESE PARTICLES WOULD CLOG PIPES AND FILTERS AND WOULD REQUIRE STRAINING
> > BEFORE CONSUMPTION BY END USERS.
> >
> > 11. IRAQ'S RIVERS ALSO CONTAIN BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS,POLLUTANTS, AND ARE
> > LADEN WITH BACTERIA. UNLESS THE WATER IS PURIFIED WITH CHLORINE
> > EPIDEMICS OF SUCH DISEASES AS CHOLERA,HEPATITIS, AND TYPHOID COULD
> OCCUR.)
> >
> > 12. WATER TREATMENT REGIMES. WATER TREATMENT IS SPECIFIC TO THE
> > IMPURITIES OF THE WATER TREATED AND TO THE APPLICATION FOR WHICH THE
> > WATER WILL BE USED. THE BASIC PROCESS REQUIRES CLARIFICATION (REMOVING
> > SUSPENDED SOLIDS), FILTRATION, AND, FOR DRINKING AND SOME INDUSTRIAL
> > USES, PURIFICATION. IN IRAQ, THE PROCESS ALSO INCLUDES DESALINATING AND
> > WATER SOFTENING.
> >
> > 13. CLARIFICATION REQUIRES ADDING FLOCCULANTS AND COAGULANTS TO THE
> > WATER. THE IRAOIS USE ALUMINUM SULPHATE ALTHOUGH IRON SULPHATES ARE
> > ACCEPTABLE TO BIND THE SUSPENDED SOLIDS INTO CLUMPS FOR SETTLING. IF NOT
> > REMOVED, THE SEDIMENTS, OR SLUDGE, WOULD CLOG THE FILTRATION SYSTEM
> > (PROBABLY SAND) AND SHUT DOWN THE WATER PURIFICATION PLANT UNTIL THE
> > CLOGS WERE REMOVED. ALUMINUM SULPHATE SUPPLY LEVELS ARE KNOWN TO BE
> > CRITICALLY LOW, SINCE IRAQ TRIED AND FAILED TO OBTAIN PRECURSOR
> > CHEMICALS FROM JORDAN FOR ITS MANUFACTURE.
> >
> > 14. CHLORINATION NORMALY IS ACCOMPLISHED DURING SEVERAL STAGES OF
> > PURIFICATION, INCLUDING THE INITAL TREATMENT STAGE TO PREVENT THE
> > EQUIPMENT FROM LIMING AND TO KILL PATHOGENS JUST PRIOR TO STORING THE
> > FULLY TREATED WATER. THE CHLORINE USED IN MOST PLANTS IS EITHER SODIUM
> > HYPOCHLORITE, A LIOUID, OR CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE, A POWDER. IF THEY ARE
> > EQUIPPED WITH INJECTORS, LOW-CAPACITY PLANTS CAN USE CHLORINE GAS
> > DIRECTLY. IRAO'S PLANT IN FALLUJA AND THE PC-I PETROCHEMICAL PLANT AT
> > BASRAH PRODUCE SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE AND, AS A BY-PRODUCT, CAUSTIC SODA,
> > WHICH IS USED TO ADJUST THE PH OF WATER SUPPLIES. NORMALLY, BOTH
> > LOCATIONS PRODUCE RELATIVELY SMALL QUANTITIES OF CHLORINE FOR INDUSTRIAL
> > AND SOME MUNICIPAL USE; CHLORINE FOR MUNICIPAL SUPPLIES ALSO IS
> > IMPORTED.RECENT REPORTS INDICATE THE CHLORINE SUPPLY IS CRITICALLY LOW.
> > ITS IMPORTATION HAS BEEN EMBARGOED, AND BOTH MAIN PRODUCTION PLANTS
> > EITHER HAD BEEN SHUT DOWN FOR A TIME OR HAVE BEEN
> > PRODUCING MINIMAL OUTPUTS BECAUSE OF THE LACK OF IMPORTED CHEMICALS AND
> > THE INABILITY TO REPLACE PARTS. PREVIOUSLY WHEN SUPPLIES WERE LOW, THE
> > IRAQI SHAVE STOPPED CHLORINATING THE DRINKING WATER, BUT ONLY FOR SHORT
> > PERIODS. TO RETARD ALGAE GROWTH, WHICH COULD CLOG PIPES, COPPER SULPHATE
> > NORMALLY IS ADDED TO THE WATER. BUT THIS PRACTICE HAS NOT BEEN VERIFIED
> > IN IRAO, AND SUPPLIES OF COPPER SULPHATE ARE UNKNOWN.SULFURIC ACID
> > TYPICALLY IS ADDED AS WELL, BUT IRAQ PROBABLY CAN PRODUCE SUFFICIENT
> > SUPPLIES.
> >
> > 15. IRAQ APPARENTLY USES LIME, AT LEAST AT THE NEW KARKH TREATMENT
> > PLANT, TO SOFTEN WATER. THE LIME PRECIPITATES COLLOIDAL CARBONATE
> > IMPURITIES FROM THE WATER. SODA ASH AND ZEOLITES ALSO NORMALLY ARE USED
> > TO REMOVE NONCARBONATE MINERAL IMPURITIES, BUT THEIR USE IN IRAO HAS NOT
> > BEEN DETERMINED. LOCAL COMPANIES SELL BOTTLED SOFT WATER IN IRAO,
> > SUGGESTING THAT MUNICIPAL WATER SYSTEMS DO NOT NORMALLY SOFTEN WATER.
> > IRAQ SHOULD HAVE NO SHORTAGES OF LIME. HOWEVER, THE LACK OF SOFTENING
> > CHEMICALS REPORTEDLY HAS INCAPACITATED THE BOTTLED SOFT-WATER INDUSTRY.
> >
> > 16. BETWEEN 1982 AND 1990, SOME IRAOI INDUSTRIES INSTALLED REVERSIBLE
> > ION EXCHANGE ELECTRODIALYSIS MEMBRANE SYSTEMS, OBTAINED FROM AN AMERICAN
> > SOURCE, TO SOFTEN AND DESALINATE WATER. THE MEMBRANES LAST 5 TO 7 YEARS
> > AND DO NOT REQUIRE CHEMICAL PRETREATMENT OF THE WATER. THEY NORMALLY
> > SERVE SMALLER VOLUME REQUIREMENTS.HOWEVER, A MAJOR OIL REFINERY, AL
> > DAURA IN BAGHDAD, INSTALLED THIS SYSTEM IN 1985, AND IT PRODUCES 24,000
> > CUBIC METERS OF PURIFIED WATER PER DAY.
> >
> > 17. ABOUT ONE QUARTER OF ALL IRAOI WATER SUPPLIED FOR INDUSTRIAL AND
> > HUMAN CONSUMPTION REQUIRES DESALINIZATION. IRAO RELIES ALMOST
> > EXCLUSIVELY ON ION EXCHANGE OR REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEMS RATHER THAN
> > MULTISTAGE FLASH UNITS. ION EXCHANGE AND REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANES ARE
> > SPECIFIC TO THE TYPE OF EQUIPMENT OF WHICH THEY ARE A COMPONENT, AS ARE
> > THE CHEMICALS REOUIRED. PREVIOUS IRAQI USE OF SUBSTITUTES HAS NOT BEEN
> > SATISFACTORY. IRAO REPORTEDLY DEPENDS ON IMPORTED MEMBRANES AND IMPORTS
> > CHEMICALS FROM SEVERAL SOURCES. IRAQ HAD NOT COMPLETED THE MAJOR
> > PURCHASE AND DELIVERY OF SPARE MEMBRANES BEFORE INVADING KUWAIT.
> > ATTEMPTS TO PROCURE MEMBRANES SINCE THE UN SANCTIONS WERE IMPOSED HAVE
> > FAILED. SINCE THE ATTEMPT TO IMPORT MEMBRANES CORRESPONED TO THEIR
> > NORMAL REPLACEMENT PERIOD, IRAQ APPARENTLY DID NOT STOCKPILE ABUNDANT
> > SPACE MEMBRANES OR CHEMICALS AND PROBABLY HAD NO MORE THAN A 2-MONTH
> > SUPPLY PRIOR TO THE INVASION.
> >
> > 18. POLYAMIDE MEMBRANES WHICH IRAO USES IN SOME DESALINIZATION
> > EOUIPMENT, DETERIORATE WHEN EXPOSED TO CHLORINE IONS.PRIOR TO PASSING
> > THROUGH THE MEMBRANE, WAT-ER IS TREATED WITH SODIUM METABISULPHITE TO
> > REMOVE THE CHLORINE USED IN PRETREATMENT. THE CHLORINE THEN IS RE-STORED
> > FOR LATER PURIFICATION. THE STATUS OF SODIUM METABISULPHITE SUPPLIES IS
> > NOT KNOWN, BUT SUPPLIES PROBABLY ARE DWINDLING, WHICH WILL ESCALATE
> > FAILURES OF THIS MEMBRANE TYPE.IRAO ALSO USES CELLULOSE ACETATE
> > MEMBRANES (AN OLD TECHNOLOGY),WHICH HAVE AN EXCEPTIONALLY SHORT LIFE AND
> > ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION. IRAO REPORTEDLY CAN
> > MANUFACTURE CELLULOSE MEMBRANES, BUT THE AVAILABILITY OF PRECURSOR
> > STOCKS IS PROBABLY LOW.IRAQ HAD BEEN ACOUIRING REVERSE ELECTRODIALYSIS
> > ION EXCHANGE MEMBRANES PRIOR TO THE UN SANCTIONS. HOWEVER, MOST SYSTEMS
> > USE REVERSE OSMOSIS OR UNIDIRECTIONAL ELECTRODIALYSIS, WHICH, UNLIKE
> > REVERSE ELECTRODIALYSIS MEMBRANES, REOUIRE CHEMICALS TO MAKE THEM WORK.)
> >
> > 19. INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT. INDUSTRIES REQUIRE TREATED WATER, AND
> > THE TYPE OF TREATMENT DEPENDS ON THE APPLICATION. NORMALLY, SOFTENING
> > AND DESALINIZATION ARE REOUIRED TO PREVENT PIPE SAND EOUIPMENT FROM
> > CORRODING OR SCALING. IN THE PETRO CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, WATER USED FOR
> > COOLING IS PARTIALLY TREATED TO PREVENT SCALING. WATER USED IN THERMAL
> > POWERPLANTS OR REFINERIES TO PRODUCE STEAM MUST BE PURE TO PREVENT BOTH
> > CORROSION AND SCALING.OTHERWISE, LOSS OF CAPABILITY COULD OCCUR WITHIN 2
> > MONTHS. IN ADDITION, FOOD PROCESSING, ELECTRONIC, AND,
> > PARTICULARLY,PHARMACEUTICAL PLANTS REOUIRE EXTREMELY PURE WATER THAT IS
> > FREE FROM BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS. LARGE INDUSTRIAL PLANTS, INCLUDING
> > PETROCHEMICAL, REFINING, AND FERTILIZER PLANTS, COLLOCATE THEIR WATER
> > TREATMENT FACILITIES. TURNKEY CONTRACTORS BUILT THESE FACILITIES, AND
> > THE PARTS ARE SPECIFIC TO EACH SYSTEM, WHICH COMPLICATES THEIR
> > REPLACEMENT. THE IRAOIS COULD NOT MANUFACTURE DUPLICATES AND THEIR
> > IMPORTATION IS EMBARGOED.)
> >
> > 20. IRAQI ALTERNATIVES. IRAQ COULD TRY CONVINCING THE UNITED NATIONS OR
> > INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES TO EXEMPT WATER TREATMENT SUPPLIES FROM SANCTIONS
> > FOR HUMANITARIAN REASONS. IT PROBABLY ALSO IS ATTEMPTING TO PURCHASE
> > SUPPLIES BY USING SOME SYMPATHETIC COUNTRIES AS FRONTS. IF SUCH ATTEMPTS
> > FAIL, IRAQI ALTERNATIVES ARE NOT ADEOUATE FOR THEIR NATIONAL
> REOUIREMENTS.
> >
> > 21. VARIOUS IRAOI INDUSTRIES HAVE WATER TREATMENT CHEMICAL SAND
> > EQUIPMENT ON HAND, IF THEY HAVE NOT ALREADY BEEN CONSUMED OR BROKEN.
> > IRAO POSSIBLY COULD CANNIBALIZE PARTS OR ENTIRE SYSTEMS FROM LOWER TO
> > HIGHER PRIORITY PLANTS, AS WELL AS DIVERT CHEMICALS,SUCH AS CHLORINE.
> > HOWEVER, THIS CAPABILITY WOULD BE LIMITED AND TEMPORARY. IRAQ PREVIOUSLY
> > HAD ACQUIRED SEVERAL HUNDRED CONTAINERIZED REVERSE OSMOSIS MODULES FOR
> > LOCALIZED USE THAT COULD BE RELOCATED. WITHOUT CHEMICALS AND REPLACEMENT
> > MEMBRANES, THESE UNITS WHERE EVENTUALLY WOULD BECOME USELESS. HOWEVER,
> > CONSOLIDATING CHEMICALS OR CANNIBALIZING PARTS AND MOVING UNITS WHERE
> > NECESSARY COULD SUSTAIN SOME PURIFICATION OPERATIONS INDUSTRIAL PLANTS
> > THAT ARE INOPERABLE FOR REASONS-OTHER THAN THE LACK OF WATER TREATMENT
> > SUPPLIES COULD PROCESS WATER FOR MUNICIPAL NEEDS OR POSSIBLY RELOCATE
> > THEIR PURIFICATION EOUIPMENT.
> >
> > 22. THE DIFFERENCE IN WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS LIMITS THE BENEFITS TO
> > IRAQ OF PLUNDERING KUWAIT'S WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS. THE KUWAITIS RELY
> > PRIMARILY ON DESALINATING SEAWATER, AND THEIR WATER NEEDS ARE
> > CONSIDERABLY SMALLER THAN IRAQ'S. IRAQ COULD NOT USE CHEMICALS INTENDED
> > FOR KUWAITI WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS, EXCEPT FOR LIMITED QUANTITIES OF
> > CHLORINE. ATTEMPTS TO CIRCUMVENT THE SANCTIONS TO OBTAIN WATER TREATMENT
> > CHEMICALS SUGGEST THAT ANY USEFUL SUPPLIES FROM KUWAIT ALREADY HAVE BEEN
> > LOOTED AND USED.
> >
> > 23. IRAO HAS INSTALLED A PIPELINE FROM THE DOHA DESALINIZATION PLANT IN
> > KUWAIT THAT CONNECTS WITH DISTRIBUTION PIPES AT A WATERTREATMENT PLANT
> > NEAR BASRAH. THIS SOURCE OF PURE WATER APPARENTLY HAS ENABLED THE PC-I
> > PETROCHEMICAL PLANT TO OPERATE AND TO PRODUCE CHLORINE BY ELECTROLYSIS
> > OF KUWAITI WATER MIXED WITH PURE SODIUM CHLORIDE. AT LEAST SOME OF THIS
> > CHLORINE PROBABLY IS USED FOR MUNICIPAL WATER PURIFICATION, BUT THE
> > OUANTITY PRODUCED WOULD BE INADEOUATE FOR NATIONAL REOUIREMENTS.
> > MOREOVER, SOME OF THE CHLORINE PROBABLY IS USED AT THE PC-I PLANT TO
> > MAKE POLYVINYL CHLORIDES TO CREATE THE PLASTIC SHEETS USED IN
> > AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION. THE USE OF KUWAITI WATER PROBABLY WILL NOT LAST
> > LONG SINCE THE DOHA PLANT USES THE MULTISTAGE FLASH DESALINIZATION
> > PROCESS, WHICH REOUIRES ACID DOSING OR THE ADDITION OF POLYMERS TO
> > PREVENT SCALING OF THE HEAT EXCHANGES. THE UN SANCTIONS MAY PREVENT
> > RESUPPLY OF THESE CHEMICALS. INTENSIVE MAINTENANCE ALSO IS REOUIRED TO
> > KEEP THE UNITS OPERATING, AND THAT PROBABLY WOULD REOUIRE THE SERVICES
> > OF TRAINED KUWAITI EMPLOYEES SINCE IRAQ HAS LITTLE EXPERIENCE WITH
> > MULTISTAGE FLASH UNITS.
> >
> > 24. IRAQ'S BEST SOURCES OF QUALITY WATER ARE IN THE MOUNTAINS OF THE
> > NORTH AND NORTHEAST, WHERE MINERALIZATION AND SALINITY ARE WITHIN
> > ACCEPTABLE LIMITS. FOR THE SHORT TERM, IRAO CONCEIVABLY COULD TRUCK
> > WATER FROM THE MOUNTAIN RESERVOIRS TO URBAN AREAS. BUT THE CAPABILITY TO
> > GAIN SIGNIFICANT QUANTITIES IS EXTREMELY LIMITED. THE AMOUNT OF PIPE ON
> > HAND AND THE LACK OF PUMPING STATIONS WOULD LIMIT LAYING PIPELINES TO
> > THESE RESERVOIRS. MOREOVER, WITHOUT CHLORINE PURIFICATION, THE WATER
> > STILL WOULD CONTAIN BIOLOGICAL POLLUTANTS. SOME AFFLUENT IRAQIS COULD
> > OBTAIN THEIR OWN MINIMALLY ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF GOOD OUALITY WATER FROM
> > NORTHERN IRAOI SOURCES.IF BOILED, THE WATER COULD BE SAFELY CONSUMED.
> > POORER IRAQIS AND INDUSTRIES REQUIRING LARGE OUANTITIES OF PURE WATER
> > WOULD NOT BE ABLE TO MEET THEIR NEEDS.
> >
> > 25. PRECIPITATION OCCURS IN IRAQ DURING THE WINTER AND SPRING,BUT IT
> > FALLS PRIMARILY IN THE NORTHERN MOUNTAINS. SPORADIC RAINS,SOMETIMES
> > HEAVY , FALL OVER THE LOWER PLAINS. BUT IRAQ COULD NOT RELY ON RAIN TO
> > PROVIDE ADEQUATE PURE WATER.
> >
> > 26. THE SALINE OR ALKALINE CONTENT-OF GROUND WATER IN MOST LOCATIONS
> > WOULD CONSTRAIN DRILLING WELLS IN THE MESOPOTAMIAN PLAIN TO OBTAIN PURER
> > WATER MOREOVER, MUCH OF THE POPULATION USES SEPTIC TANKS, AND THE
> > UNDERLYING GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY WOULD CONTAMINATE WELLS IN MANY
> > LOCATIONS.))OUTLOOK)
> >
> > 27. IRAQ WILL SUFFER INCREASING SHORTAGES OF PURIFIED WATER BECAUSE OF
> > THE LACK OF REOUIRED CHEMICALS AND DESALINIZATION MEMBRANES. INCIDENCES
> > OF DISEASE, INCLUDING POSSIBLE EPIDEMICS,WILL BECOME PROBABLE UNLESS THE
> > POPULATION WERE CAREFUL TO BOIL WATER BEFORE CONSUMPTION, PARTICULARLY
> > SINCE THE SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEM, NEVER A HIGH PRIORITY, WILL SUFFER
> > THE SAME LOSS OF CAPABILITY WITH THE LACK OF CHLORINE. LOCALLY PRODUCED
> > FOOD AND MEDICINE COULD BE CONTAMINATED. LACK OF COAGULATION CHEMICALS
> > WILL CAUSE PERIODIC SHUTDOWNS OF TREATMENT PLANTS FOR UNCLOGGING AND
> > CLEANING FILTERS, CAUSING INTERRUPTIONS OF WATER SUPPLIES. AS
> > DESALINIZATION EQUIPMENT BECOMES INOPERABLE, SALINE WATER SOURCES WILL
> > BECOME INCREASINGLY UNUSABLE. TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT SHUT DOWNS OF
> > INDUSTRIAL PLANTS THAT RELY ON TREATED WATER WILL MULTIPLY.CANNIBALIZING
> > LOWER PRIORITY OPERATIONS WILL ACCELERATE THE TREND.
> >
> > 28. THE ENTIRE IRAOI WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM WILL NOT COLLAPSE
> > PRECIPITOUSLY, BUT ITS CAPABILITIES WILL DECLINE STEADILY AS DWINDLING
> > SUPPLIES INCREASINGLY ARE DIVERTED TO HIGHER PRIORITY SITES WITH
> > COMPATIBLE EQUIPMENT. KARKH, IRAO'S LARGEST WATERTREATMENT PLANT (AND
> > ONE OF THE WORLD'S LARGEST), WAS DESIGNED TO STORE 30 DAYS OF SUPPLIES
> > ON SITE. THE QUANTITY OF SUPPLIES, IF ANY, NORMALLY STOCKPILED IN
> > CENTRALIZED WAREHOUSES BEFORE SHIPMENT TO TREATMENT PLANTS IS UNKNOWN,
> > BUT A 6 MONTH TO I YEAR SUPPLY OF CHEMICALS IS THE NORMAL INDUSTRIAL
> > PRACTICE. HOWEVER, CURRENT IRAQI EFFORTS TO OBTAIN CHEMICALS AND
> > MEMBRANES AND THE INSTALLATION OF A PIPELINE TO OBTAIN PURE KUWAITI
> > WATER SUGGEST THAT THERE WAS NOT ADEOUATE STOCKPILING PRIOR TO THE
> > INVASION OF KUWAIT. SOME CHEMICALS ARE DEPLETED OR ARE NEARING
> > DEPLETION, AND OLDER MEMBRANES ARE NOT BEING REPLACED ON SCHEDULE.
> > CONSEOUENTLY, IRAQ PROBABLY IS USING UNTREATED OR PARTIALLY TREATED
> > WATER IN SOME LOCATIONS. FULL DEGRADATION OF THE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM
> >
> > PROBABLY WILL TAKE AT LEAST ANOTHER 6 MONTHS.
> >
> > [ (b)(2) ]
> >
> > ENDS
> >
> > * See also: NucNews Links and Archives (by date) at http://nucnews.net *
> (Posted for educational and research purposes only, in accordance with
> Title
> 17 U.S.C. section 107) *
>
>
>


From: CharlieChimp1@aol.com
Full-name: Charlie Chimp 1
Date: Mon, 17 Mar 2003 19:21:19 EST
Subject: (no subject)
To: Tcapj@aol.com
X-Plaintext: Presenting plain-text part of multi-format email


[ Presenting plain-text part of multi-format email ]

[RM-COUNSEL] Proof - The US Deliberate Genocidal Acts Against Iraq
Date:   17/03/03 08:39:34 GMT Standard Time
From:   <A HREF="mailto:cwolman@mcn.org">cwolman@mcn.org</A>
Reply-to:   <A HREF="mailto:RM-COUNSEL@yahoogroups.com">RM-COUNSEL@yahoogroups.com</A>
To: <A HREF="mailto:RM-COUNSEL@yahoogroups.com">RM-COUNSEL@yahoogroups.com</A>
Sent from the Internet (Details)



----- Original Message -----
From: <prop1@prop1.org>
To: <nucnews@yahoogroups.com>
Sent: Saturday, March 15, 2003 11:57 AM
Subject: [NucNews] Proof - The US Planned Genocidal Acts Against Iraq


> [War crime, for sure. et]
>
> Proof - The US Planned Genocidal Acts Against Iraq
>
>
http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/declassdocs/dia/19950901/950901_511rept_91.html
>
> Friday, 14 March 2003, 5:40 pm, Scoop (New Zealand)
> http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/WO0303/S00194.htm
>
> Clear And Irrefutable Proof The US Government Planned And Executed
> Genocidal Acts Against The Iraqi People.
>
> Information Clearing House – News You Won't Find On CNN
> From: http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article2108.htm
> 03/13/03
>
> Our Worst Fears Confirmed.
>
> Washington professor Tom Nagy appeared tonight (March 13 , 2003) on the
> national Swiss TV-channel SFDRS 1:
>
> This Washington professor presented Pentagon papers providing hard
> evidence on the past and present war-doctrines of the USAF and other US
> troops.
>
> These documents are hard evidence and proof of intentional genocide
> against the entire Iraqi civilian population. These war crimes we
> committed by destroying the water systems with precision bombing .
>
> The bombing of the Iraqi water systems never was an obvious intentional
> target ! It' worked well in 1991, so we can expect that they'll use it
> once again. These US-War Criminals should be brought to justice.
>
> A further US attack on Iraq's water purification systems will bring
> untold deaths due to lack of clean drinkable water and will ultimately
> lead to the deaths of million of Iraqi Civilians.
>
> We really have to face this clearly.
>
> The US-Government is prepared to commit intentionally an unimaginable
> GENOCIDE.
>
> We have the common duty to do whatever it takes to stop this war,
> everything possible which fits the concept of Peace and avoids the
> concept of War .
>
> =
>
> Our Swiss reader has been kind enough to provide this further update.
>
> It's already late-night here in Switzerland , but this incredible
> war-craze merits every effort at any time to be stopped.
>
> So this is what happened on Swiss-TV tonight :
>
> Tonight, March 13, 2003 , approx. 21:15 Swiss Time , the Swiss National
> TV-Channel SFDRS 1 broadcasted its regular weekly show MTV (stands in
> German for Menschen, Technik, Wissenschaft = Humans, Technology,
> Science). In the prime-news at 20:00 they gave already a short info on
> this coming issue, that an interview with US Professor Tom Nagy on the
> Water-War and Genocide on the Iraqi population will be broadcast in the
> MTW-show . Professor Nagy works at the George Washington University ,
> Washington DC, 20052 USA, in the Department of Management Science .
>
> His email address is nagy@gwu.edu,
>
> his website-url is: http://home.gwu.edu/~nagy/
>
> both of these links were provided on the Swiss-TV homepage
> http://www.sfdrs.ch
>
> and there under programs (Sendungen)/MTV, and there was also the link to
> the declassified Pentagon papers he cited and explained in the interview :
>
>
http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/declassdocs/dia/19950901/950901_511rept_91.html
>
> During his interview (about 15 minutes altogether), Mr. Nagy presented
> several Pentagon-files from 1991 to 1998.
>
> He said these documents were strictly classified until they succeeded in
> their struggle to get them declassified not so long ago. He showed a
> Pentagon paper from 1991 and explained, that it contains the USAF's
> strategy to intentionally destroy the Iraqi water-systems, which is a
> very hard breach of the Geneva-conventions and therefore a warcrime to
> be prosecuted under international law .
>
> When asked by the interviewer, if he shares this view, Mr. Nagy was sad
> because he had to agree completely. He showed then further Pentagon
> papers from 1998 which made the following statements and comments
> necessary from his part: the USAF concluded, that this method used in
> the first Gulf-war was very effective, even more in combination with the
> fact, that the US and the UK abused the embargo to prevent Iraq from the
> import of chlorine for water-desinfection.
>
> This drama caused already the death of more than 500'000 Iraqi children,
> Mr. Nagy said, and currently are 6000 Iraqi children dying in a week due
> to nothing else than the lack of clean water ... .
>
> And then he went on saying, that the US Generals found this method
> really convincing and working, and that the orders given to the USAF for
> the coming war give precise information on the planned and intentional
> destruction of the entire Iraqi water-supply-system .
>
> He said, the USAF will therefore use their high-precision laser-guided
> missiles again to bomb the Iraqi water-systems definitely into the
> ground now, and that this will be officially communicated as 'collateral
> damages'. And then he made a kind of résumé of all these bitter facts
> and had to conclude, that there is no other way to look at this than as
> a clear attempt to commit intentional Genocide , because the USAF and
> the US Army knew and knows today that this strategy will kill literally
> Millions of innocent Iraqis . He said it will be only a matter of months
> then until probably the great majority of Iraqis will have died, the
> children first, for they are sick already now ..... .
>

> THIS MUST BECOME PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE IN THE ENTIRE USA !!!
>
> DIA's Declassified: "IRAQ WATER TREATMMENT VULNERABILITIES (U)"
>
> Original Document:
>
http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/declassdocs/dia/19950901/950901_511rept_91.html
>
> Filename:511rept.91
>
> DTG: 221900Z JAN 91
>
> FM: DIA WASHINGTON DC
> VIA: NMIST NET
> TO: CENTCOM
> INFO: CENTAF
> UK STRIKE COMMAND
> MARCENT
> 18 ABC
> NAVCENT
> SOCCENT
> 7TH CORPS
> ANKARA
>
> SUBJECT: IRAQ WATER TREATMMENT VULNERABILITIES (U)
>
> AS OF 18 JAN 91 KEY JUDGMENTS.
>
> 1. IRAO DEPENDS ON IMPORTING-SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENT-AND SOME CHEMICALS TO
> PURIFY ITS WATER SUPPLY, MOST OF WHICH IS HEAVILY MINERALIZED AND
> FREQUENTLY BRACKISH TO SALINE.
>
> 2. WITH NO DOMESTIC SOURCES OF BOTH WATER TREATMENT REPLACEMENT PARTS
> AND SOME ESSENTIAL CHEMICALS, IRAO WILL CONTINUE ATTEMPTS TO CIRCUMVENT
> UNITED NATIONS SANCTIONS TO IMPORT THESE VITAL COMMODITIES.
>
> 3. FAILING TO SECURE SUPPLIES WILL RESULT IN A SHORTAGE OF PURE DRINKING
> WATER FOR MUCH OF THE POPULATION. THIS COULD LEAD TO INCREASED
> INCIDENCES, IF NOT EPIDEMICS, OF DISEASE AND TO CERTAIN
> PURE-WATER-DEPENDENT INDUSTRIES BECOMING INCAPACITATED, INCLUDING PETRO
> CHEMICALS, FERTILIZERS, PETROLEUM REFINING, ELECTRONICS,PHARMACEUTICALS,
> FOOD PROCESSING, TEXTILES, CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION,AND THERMAL POWERPLANTS.
>
> 4. IRAQ'S OVERALL WATER TREATMENT CAPABILITY WILL SUFFER A SLOW DECLINE,
> RATHER THAN A PRECIPITOUS HALT, AS DWINDLING SUPPLIES AND CANNIBALIZED
> PARTS ARE CONCENTRATED AT HIGHER PRIORITY LOCATIONS. ALTHOUGH IRAQ IS
> ALREADY EXPERIENCING A LOSS OF WATERTREATMENT CAPABILITY, IT PROBABLY
> WILL TAKE AT LEAST SIX MONTHS (TO JUNE 1991) BEFORE THE SYSTEM IS FULLY
> DEGRADED.
>
> 5. UNLESS WATER TREATMENT SUPPLIES ARE EXEMPTED FROM THE UNSANCTIONS FOR
> HUMANITARIAN REASONS, NO ADEQUATE SOLUTION EXISTS FOR IRAQ'S WATER
> PURIFICATION DILEMMA, SINCE NO SUITABLE ALTERNATIVES,INCLUDING LOOTING
> SUPPLIES FROM KUWAIT, SUFFICIENTLY MEET IRAQI NEEDS.)
>
> 6. IRAQI WATER QUALITY. SURFACE WATER FROM THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES
> RIVER SYSTEM SUPPLIES ABOUT HALF OF IRAQ'S LAND AREA,INCLUDING URBAN
> AREAS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED INDUSTRIES. IRAQ'S REMAINING AREA, PRIMARILY
> RURAL, RELIES ON GROUND WATER FROM WELLS.THE QUALITY OF UNTREATED WATER
> THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY VARIES WIDELY BUT GENERALLY IS POOR. HEAVY
> MINERALIZATION, SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND,FREQUENTLY, HIGH SALINITY
> CHARACTERIZE IRAQ'S WATER SUPPLY.ALTHoUGH IRAQ HAS MADE A CONSIDERABLE
> EFFORT TO SUPPLY PURE WATER TO ITS POPULATION, THE WATER TREATMENT
> SYSTEM WAS UNRELIABLE EVEN BEFORE THE UNITED NATIONS SANCTIONS SALINITY
> CHARACTERIZE IRAO'S WATER SUPPLY.ALTHOUGH IRAQ HAS MADE A CONSIDERABLE
> EFFORT TO SUPPLY PURE WATER TO ITS POPULATION, THE WATER TREATMENT
> SYSTEM WAS UNRELIABLE EVEN BEFORE THE UNITED NATIONS SANCTIONS WERE
> IMPOSED. MOST IRAOIS PREFER TO DRINK IMPORTED BOTTLED WATER.
>
> 7. THE MINERALS IN THE WATER INCLUDE CONCENTRATIONS OF CARBONATES,
> SULPHATES, CHLORIDES, AND, IN SOME LOCATIONS, NITRATES.DRINKING HEAVILY
> MINERALIZED WATER COULD RESULT IN DIARRHEA AND,OVER THE LONG TERM,
> STONES FORMING WITHIN THE BODY. FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS, PIPES AND
> OTHER EOUIPMENT WOULD SCALE (BECOME ENCRUSTED), EVENTUALLY CAUSING
> PLANTS TO SHUT DOWN. SCALING IN BOILERS WOULD CAUSE EXPLOSIONS IF NOT
> PREVENTED OR REMOVED.
>
> 8. MUCH OF IRAO'S GROUND WATER SUPPLIES ARE BRACKISH TO SALINE.
> THE,LARGE RESERVOIRS NEAR BAGHDAD--THE THARTHAR, -. HABBANIYAH, AND AL
> MILH LAKES--ARE SALINE. SINCE THESE LAKES SERVE AS CATCH BASINS FOR
> FLOODS ON THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVERS, THE IRAOIS MUST REDUCE THE
> WATER VOLUME IN-THE LAKES DURING THE LOW-WATER SEASON. EVAPARATlON
> DURING THE SUMMER -ACCOMPLISHES THIS IMPART. SINCE REDUCING THE WATER
> VOLUME IN THE LAKES ONLY INCREASES SALINITY, THE IRAQIS FLUSH THE LAKES
> BY DIVERTING FRESH WATER FROM UP STREAM ON THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES. THE
> FLOW IS DISCHARGED FURTHER DOWNSTREAM TO AVOID FILLING THE BASINS. SINCE
> THE DISCHARGE OCCURS WHERE THE RIVERS ENTER THE MESOPOTAMIAN PLAIN, THE
> DISCHARGE INCREASES THE NATURAL SALINITY OF THE WATERS DOWNSTREAM,
> AFFECTING IRRIGATED AGRICULTURAL LANDS IRAQ SPECIALIZES IN-
> SALINE-RESISTANT CROPS SUCH AS BARLEr AND DATES) AND URBAN AREAS,
> INCLUDING BAGHDAD.THE KARKH WATER TREATMENT PROJECT FOR WESTERN BAGHDAD
> HAS AN IN TAKE POINT ABOUT 40 KILOMETERS NORTH OF BAGHDAD, UPSTREAM FROM
> WHERE LAKE THARTHAR DISCHARGES INTO THE TIGRIS. WATER BELOW THE
> DISCHARGE POINT REQUIRES DESALINIZATION.
>
> 9. AT BASRAH, THE SHATT AL ARAB TENDS TO BE SALINE UNDER CONDITIONS OF
> LOW-RIVER WATER VOLUMES AND DEPENDING ON TIDE AND WIND DIRECTIONS.
> NORMALLY, THE SHATT AL ARAB AT BASRAH HAS A SALINITY OF 1,500 TO 2,000
> PARTS PER MILLION (PPM). SALINITY HAS BEEN INCREASING OVER THE LAST 5
> YEARS, AND IN THE FALL 1989, THE SALINITY HAD REACHED 6,000 TO 7,000
> PPM, HIGHER THAN EXISTING DESALINIZATION SYSTEMS COULD HANDLE. (OCEAN
> SEAWATER IS ABOUT 36,000 PPM OF DISSOLVED SALTS; THE PERSIAN GULF IS
> APPROXIMATELY 42,000 PPM.BRACKISH WATER IS A MINIMUM OF 1,000 PPM. THE
> WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION STANDARD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION IS 500 PPM OR
> LESS.GROUND WATER IN IRAO'S LOWER MESOPOTAMIAN BASIN RANGES FROM 5,000
> TO 60,000 PPM, WITH SOME LOCATIONS REACHING 80,000). SALINE WATER IS
> UNFIT FOR DRINKING AND CORRODES INDUSTRIAL PIPES OR OTHER EXPOSED
EQUIPMENT.
>
> 10. (U) SUSPENDED SOLIDS, PRIMARILY SILT, IN THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES
> RIVER SYSTEM INCREASE WITH WATER VOLUME. UNLESS REMOVED FROM THE WATER,
> THESE PARTICLES WOULD CLOG PIPES AND FILTERS AND WOULD REQUIRE STRAINING
> BEFORE CONSUMPTION BY END USERS.
>
> 11. IRAQ'S RIVERS ALSO CONTAIN BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS,POLLUTANTS, AND ARE
> LADEN WITH BACTERIA. UNLESS THE WATER IS PURIFIED WITH CHLORINE
> EPIDEMICS OF SUCH DISEASES AS CHOLERA,HEPATITIS, AND TYPHOID COULD OCCUR.)
>
> 12. WATER TREATMENT REGIMES. WATER TREATMENT IS SPECIFIC TO THE
> IMPURITIES OF THE WATER TREATED AND TO THE APPLICATION FOR WHICH THE
> WATER WILL BE USED. THE BASIC PROCESS REQUIRES CLARIFICATION (REMOVING
> SUSPENDED SOLIDS), FILTRATION, AND, FOR DRINKING AND SOME INDUSTRIAL
> USES, PURIFICATION. IN IRAQ, THE PROCESS ALSO INCLUDES DESALINATING AND
> WATER SOFTENING.
>
> 13. CLARIFICATION REQUIRES ADDING FLOCCULANTS AND COAGULANTS TO THE
> WATER. THE IRAOIS USE ALUMINUM SULPHATE ALTHOUGH IRON SULPHATES ARE
> ACCEPTABLE TO BIND THE SUSPENDED SOLIDS INTO CLUMPS FOR SETTLING. IF NOT
> REMOVED, THE SEDIMENTS, OR SLUDGE, WOULD CLOG THE FILTRATION SYSTEM
> (PROBABLY SAND) AND SHUT DOWN THE WATER PURIFICATION PLANT UNTIL THE
> CLOGS WERE REMOVED. ALUMINUM SULPHATE SUPPLY LEVELS ARE KNOWN TO BE
> CRITICALLY LOW, SINCE IRAQ TRIED AND FAILED TO OBTAIN PRECURSOR
> CHEMICALS FROM JORDAN FOR ITS MANUFACTURE.
>
> 14. CHLORINATION NORMALY IS ACCOMPLISHED DURING SEVERAL STAGES OF
> PURIFICATION, INCLUDING THE INITAL TREATMENT STAGE TO PREVENT THE
> EQUIPMENT FROM LIMING AND TO KILL PATHOGENS JUST PRIOR TO STORING THE
> FULLY TREATED WATER. THE CHLORINE USED IN MOST PLANTS IS EITHER SODIUM
> HYPOCHLORITE, A LIOUID, OR CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE, A POWDER. IF THEY ARE
> EQUIPPED WITH INJECTORS, LOW-CAPACITY PLANTS CAN USE CHLORINE GAS
> DIRECTLY. IRAO'S PLANT IN FALLUJA AND THE PC-I PETROCHEMICAL PLANT AT
> BASRAH PRODUCE SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE AND, AS A BY-PRODUCT, CAUSTIC SODA,
> WHICH IS USED TO ADJUST THE PH OF WATER SUPPLIES. NORMALLY, BOTH
> LOCATIONS PRODUCE RELATIVELY SMALL QUANTITIES OF CHLORINE FOR INDUSTRIAL
> AND SOME MUNICIPAL USE; CHLORINE FOR MUNICIPAL SUPPLIES ALSO IS
> IMPORTED.RECENT REPORTS INDICATE THE CHLORINE SUPPLY IS CRITICALLY LOW.
> ITS IMPORTATION HAS BEEN EMBARGOED, AND BOTH MAIN PRODUCTION PLANTS
> EITHER HAD BEEN SHUT DOWN FOR A TIME OR HAVE BEEN
> PRODUCING MINIMAL OUTPUTS BECAUSE OF THE LACK OF IMPORTED CHEMICALS AND
> THE INABILITY TO REPLACE PARTS. PREVIOUSLY WHEN SUPPLIES WERE LOW, THE
> IRAQI SHAVE STOPPED CHLORINATING THE DRINKING WATER, BUT ONLY FOR SHORT
> PERIODS. TO RETARD ALGAE GROWTH, WHICH COULD CLOG PIPES, COPPER SULPHATE
> NORMALLY IS ADDED TO THE WATER. BUT THIS PRACTICE HAS NOT BEEN VERIFIED
> IN IRAO, AND SUPPLIES OF COPPER SULPHATE ARE UNKNOWN.SULFURIC ACID
> TYPICALLY IS ADDED AS WELL, BUT IRAQ PROBABLY CAN PRODUCE SUFFICIENT
> SUPPLIES.
>
> 15. IRAQ APPARENTLY USES LIME, AT LEAST AT THE NEW KARKH TREATMENT
> PLANT, TO SOFTEN WATER. THE LIME PRECIPITATES COLLOIDAL CARBONATE
> IMPURITIES FROM THE WATER. SODA ASH AND ZEOLITES ALSO NORMALLY ARE USED
> TO REMOVE NONCARBONATE MINERAL IMPURITIES, BUT THEIR USE IN IRAO HAS NOT
> BEEN DETERMINED. LOCAL COMPANIES SELL BOTTLED SOFT WATER IN IRAO,
> SUGGESTING THAT MUNICIPAL WATER SYSTEMS DO NOT NORMALLY SOFTEN WATER.
> IRAQ SHOULD HAVE NO SHORTAGES OF LIME. HOWEVER, THE LACK OF SOFTENING
> CHEMICALS REPORTEDLY HAS INCAPACITATED THE BOTTLED SOFT-WATER INDUSTRY.
>
> 16. BETWEEN 1982 AND 1990, SOME IRAOI INDUSTRIES INSTALLED REVERSIBLE
> ION EXCHANGE ELECTRODIALYSIS MEMBRANE SYSTEMS, OBTAINED FROM AN AMERICAN
> SOURCE, TO SOFTEN AND DESALINATE WATER. THE MEMBRANES LAST 5 TO 7 YEARS
> AND DO NOT REQUIRE CHEMICAL PRETREATMENT OF THE WATER. THEY NORMALLY
> SERVE SMALLER VOLUME REQUIREMENTS.HOWEVER, A MAJOR OIL REFINERY, AL
> DAURA IN BAGHDAD, INSTALLED THIS SYSTEM IN 1985, AND IT PRODUCES 24,000
> CUBIC METERS OF PURIFIED WATER PER DAY.
>
> 17. ABOUT ONE QUARTER OF ALL IRAOI WATER SUPPLIED FOR INDUSTRIAL AND
> HUMAN CONSUMPTION REQUIRES DESALINIZATION. IRAO RELIES ALMOST
> EXCLUSIVELY ON ION EXCHANGE OR REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEMS RATHER THAN
> MULTISTAGE FLASH UNITS. ION EXCHANGE AND REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANES ARE
> SPECIFIC TO THE TYPE OF EQUIPMENT OF WHICH THEY ARE A COMPONENT, AS ARE
> THE CHEMICALS REOUIRED. PREVIOUS IRAQI USE OF SUBSTITUTES HAS NOT BEEN
> SATISFACTORY. IRAO REPORTEDLY DEPENDS ON IMPORTED MEMBRANES AND IMPORTS
> CHEMICALS FROM SEVERAL SOURCES. IRAQ HAD NOT COMPLETED THE MAJOR
> PURCHASE AND DELIVERY OF SPARE MEMBRANES BEFORE INVADING KUWAIT.
> ATTEMPTS TO PROCURE MEMBRANES SINCE THE UN SANCTIONS WERE IMPOSED HAVE
> FAILED. SINCE THE ATTEMPT TO IMPORT MEMBRANES CORRESPONED TO THEIR
> NORMAL REPLACEMENT PERIOD, IRAQ APPARENTLY DID NOT STOCKPILE ABUNDANT
> SPACE MEMBRANES OR CHEMICALS AND PROBABLY HAD NO MORE THAN A 2-MONTH
> SUPPLY PRIOR TO THE INVASION.
>
> 18. POLYAMIDE MEMBRANES WHICH IRAO USES IN SOME DESALINIZATION
> EOUIPMENT, DETERIORATE WHEN EXPOSED TO CHLORINE IONS.PRIOR TO PASSING
> THROUGH THE MEMBRANE, WAT-ER IS TREATED WITH SODIUM METABISULPHITE TO
> REMOVE THE CHLORINE USED IN PRETREATMENT. THE CHLORINE THEN IS RE-STORED
> FOR LATER PURIFICATION. THE STATUS OF SODIUM METABISULPHITE SUPPLIES IS
> NOT KNOWN, BUT SUPPLIES PROBABLY ARE DWINDLING, WHICH WILL ESCALATE
> FAILURES OF THIS MEMBRANE TYPE.IRAO ALSO USES CELLULOSE ACETATE
> MEMBRANES (AN OLD TECHNOLOGY),WHICH HAVE AN EXCEPTIONALLY SHORT LIFE AND
> ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION. IRAO REPORTEDLY CAN
> MANUFACTURE CELLULOSE MEMBRANES, BUT THE AVAILABILITY OF PRECURSOR
> STOCKS IS PROBABLY LOW.IRAQ HAD BEEN ACOUIRING REVERSE ELECTRODIALYSIS
> ION EXCHANGE MEMBRANES PRIOR TO THE UN SANCTIONS. HOWEVER, MOST SYSTEMS
> USE REVERSE OSMOSIS OR UNIDIRECTIONAL ELECTRODIALYSIS, WHICH, UNLIKE
> REVERSE ELECTRODIALYSIS MEMBRANES, REOUIRE CHEMICALS TO MAKE THEM WORK.)
>
> 19. INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT. INDUSTRIES REQUIRE TREATED WATER, AND
> THE TYPE OF TREATMENT DEPENDS ON THE APPLICATION. NORMALLY, SOFTENING
> AND DESALINIZATION ARE REOUIRED TO PREVENT PIPE SAND EOUIPMENT FROM
> CORRODING OR SCALING. IN THE PETRO CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, WATER USED FOR
> COOLING IS PARTIALLY TREATED TO PREVENT SCALING. WATER USED IN THERMAL
> POWERPLANTS OR REFINERIES TO PRODUCE STEAM MUST BE PURE TO PREVENT BOTH
> CORROSION AND SCALING.OTHERWISE, LOSS OF CAPABILITY COULD OCCUR WITHIN 2
> MONTHS. IN ADDITION, FOOD PROCESSING, ELECTRONIC, AND,
> PARTICULARLY,PHARMACEUTICAL PLANTS REOUIRE EXTREMELY PURE WATER THAT IS
> FREE FROM BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS. LARGE INDUSTRIAL PLANTS, INCLUDING
> PETROCHEMICAL, REFINING, AND FERTILIZER PLANTS, COLLOCATE THEIR WATER
> TREATMENT FACILITIES. TURNKEY CONTRACTORS BUILT THESE FACILITIES, AND
> THE PARTS ARE SPECIFIC TO EACH SYSTEM, WHICH COMPLICATES THEIR
> REPLACEMENT. THE IRAOIS COULD NOT MANUFACTURE DUPLICATES AND THEIR
> IMPORTATION IS EMBARGOED.)
>
> 20. IRAQI ALTERNATIVES. IRAQ COULD TRY CONVINCING THE UNITED NATIONS OR
> INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES TO EXEMPT WATER TREATMENT SUPPLIES FROM SANCTIONS
> FOR HUMANITARIAN REASONS. IT PROBABLY ALSO IS ATTEMPTING TO PURCHASE
> SUPPLIES BY USING SOME SYMPATHETIC COUNTRIES AS FRONTS. IF SUCH ATTEMPTS
> FAIL, IRAQI ALTERNATIVES ARE NOT ADEOUATE FOR THEIR NATIONAL REOUIREMENTS.
>
> 21. VARIOUS IRAOI INDUSTRIES HAVE WATER TREATMENT CHEMICAL SAND
> EQUIPMENT ON HAND, IF THEY HAVE NOT ALREADY BEEN CONSUMED OR BROKEN.
> IRAO POSSIBLY COULD CANNIBALIZE PARTS OR ENTIRE SYSTEMS FROM LOWER TO
> HIGHER PRIORITY PLANTS, AS WELL AS DIVERT CHEMICALS,SUCH AS CHLORINE.
> HOWEVER, THIS CAPABILITY WOULD BE LIMITED AND TEMPORARY. IRAQ PREVIOUSLY
> HAD ACQUIRED SEVERAL HUNDRED CONTAINERIZED REVERSE OSMOSIS MODULES FOR
> LOCALIZED USE THAT COULD BE RELOCATED. WITHOUT CHEMICALS AND REPLACEMENT
> MEMBRANES, THESE UNITS WHERE EVENTUALLY WOULD BECOME USELESS. HOWEVER,
> CONSOLIDATING CHEMICALS OR CANNIBALIZING PARTS AND MOVING UNITS WHERE
> NECESSARY COULD SUSTAIN SOME PURIFICATION OPERATIONS INDUSTRIAL PLANTS
> THAT ARE INOPERABLE FOR REASONS-OTHER THAN THE LACK OF WATER TREATMENT
> SUPPLIES COULD PROCESS WATER FOR MUNICIPAL NEEDS OR POSSIBLY RELOCATE
> THEIR PURIFICATION EOUIPMENT.
>
> 22. THE DIFFERENCE IN WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS LIMITS THE BENEFITS TO
> IRAQ OF PLUNDERING KUWAIT'S WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS. THE KUWAITIS RELY
> PRIMARILY ON DESALINATING SEAWATER, AND THEIR WATER NEEDS ARE
> CONSIDERABLY SMALLER THAN IRAQ'S. IRAQ COULD NOT USE CHEMICALS INTENDED
> FOR KUWAITI WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS, EXCEPT FOR LIMITED QUANTITIES OF
> CHLORINE. ATTEMPTS TO CIRCUMVENT THE SANCTIONS TO OBTAIN WATER TREATMENT
> CHEMICALS SUGGEST THAT ANY USEFUL SUPPLIES FROM KUWAIT ALREADY HAVE BEEN
> LOOTED AND USED.
>
> 23. IRAO HAS INSTALLED A PIPELINE FROM THE DOHA DESALINIZATION PLANT IN
> KUWAIT THAT CONNECTS WITH DISTRIBUTION PIPES AT A WATERTREATMENT PLANT
> NEAR BASRAH. THIS SOURCE OF PURE WATER APPARENTLY HAS ENABLED THE PC-I
> PETROCHEMICAL PLANT TO OPERATE AND TO PRODUCE CHLORINE BY ELECTROLYSIS
> OF KUWAITI WATER MIXED WITH PURE SODIUM CHLORIDE. AT LEAST SOME OF THIS
> CHLORINE PROBABLY IS USED FOR MUNICIPAL WATER PURIFICATION, BUT THE
> OUANTITY PRODUCED WOULD BE INADEOUATE FOR NATIONAL REOUIREMENTS.
> MOREOVER, SOME OF THE CHLORINE PROBABLY IS USED AT THE PC-I PLANT TO
> MAKE POLYVINYL CHLORIDES TO CREATE THE PLASTIC SHEETS USED IN
> AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION. THE USE OF KUWAITI WATER PROBABLY WILL NOT LAST
> LONG SINCE THE DOHA PLANT USES THE MULTISTAGE FLASH DESALINIZATION
> PROCESS, WHICH REOUIRES ACID DOSING OR THE ADDITION OF POLYMERS TO
> PREVENT SCALING OF THE HEAT EXCHANGES. THE UN SANCTIONS MAY PREVENT
> RESUPPLY OF THESE CHEMICALS. INTENSIVE MAINTENANCE ALSO IS REOUIRED TO
> KEEP THE UNITS OPERATING, AND THAT PROBABLY WOULD REOUIRE THE SERVICES
> OF TRAINED KUWAITI EMPLOYEES SINCE IRAQ HAS LITTLE EXPERIENCE WITH
> MULTISTAGE FLASH UNITS.
>
> 24. IRAQ'S BEST SOURCES OF QUALITY WATER ARE IN THE MOUNTAINS OF THE
> NORTH AND NORTHEAST, WHERE MINERALIZATION AND SALINITY ARE WITHIN
> ACCEPTABLE LIMITS. FOR THE SHORT TERM, IRAO CONCEIVABLY COULD TRUCK
> WATER FROM THE MOUNTAIN RESERVOIRS TO URBAN AREAS. BUT THE CAPABILITY TO
> GAIN SIGNIFICANT QUANTITIES IS EXTREMELY LIMITED. THE AMOUNT OF PIPE ON
> HAND AND THE LACK OF PUMPING STATIONS WOULD LIMIT LAYING PIPELINES TO
> THESE RESERVOIRS. MOREOVER, WITHOUT CHLORINE PURIFICATION, THE WATER
> STILL WOULD CONTAIN BIOLOGICAL POLLUTANTS. SOME AFFLUENT IRAQIS COULD
> OBTAIN THEIR OWN MINIMALLY ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF GOOD OUALITY WATER FROM
> NORTHERN IRAOI SOURCES.IF BOILED, THE WATER COULD BE SAFELY CONSUMED.
> POORER IRAQIS AND INDUSTRIES REQUIRING LARGE OUANTITIES OF PURE WATER
> WOULD NOT BE ABLE TO MEET THEIR NEEDS.
>
> 25. PRECIPITATION OCCURS IN IRAQ DURING THE WINTER AND SPRING,BUT IT
> FALLS PRIMARILY IN THE NORTHERN MOUNTAINS. SPORADIC RAINS,SOMETIMES
> HEAVY , FALL OVER THE LOWER PLAINS. BUT IRAQ COULD NOT RELY ON RAIN TO
> PROVIDE ADEQUATE PURE WATER.
>
> 26. THE SALINE OR ALKALINE CONTENT-OF GROUND WATER IN MOST LOCATIONS
> WOULD CONSTRAIN DRILLING WELLS IN THE MESOPOTAMIAN PLAIN TO OBTAIN PURER
> WATER MOREOVER, MUCH OF THE POPULATION USES SEPTIC TANKS, AND THE
> UNDERLYING GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY WOULD CONTAMINATE WELLS IN MANY
> LOCATIONS.))OUTLOOK)
>
> 27. IRAQ WILL SUFFER INCREASING SHORTAGES OF PURIFIED WATER BECAUSE OF
> THE LACK OF REOUIRED CHEMICALS AND DESALINIZATION MEMBRANES. INCIDENCES
> OF DISEASE, INCLUDING POSSIBLE EPIDEMICS,WILL BECOME PROBABLE UNLESS THE
> POPULATION WERE CAREFUL TO BOIL WATER BEFORE CONSUMPTION, PARTICULARLY
> SINCE THE SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEM, NEVER A HIGH PRIORITY, WILL SUFFER
> THE SAME LOSS OF CAPABILITY WITH THE LACK OF CHLORINE. LOCALLY PRODUCED
> FOOD AND MEDICINE COULD BE CONTAMINATED. LACK OF COAGULATION CHEMICALS
> WILL CAUSE PERIODIC SHUTDOWNS OF TREATMENT PLANTS FOR UNCLOGGING AND
> CLEANING FILTERS, CAUSING INTERRUPTIONS OF WATER SUPPLIES. AS
> DESALINIZATION EQUIPMENT BECOMES INOPERABLE, SALINE WATER SOURCES WILL
> BECOME INCREASINGLY UNUSABLE. TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT SHUT DOWNS OF
> INDUSTRIAL PLANTS THAT RELY ON TREATED WATER WILL MULTIPLY.CANNIBALIZING
> LOWER PRIORITY OPERATIONS WILL ACCELERATE THE TREND.
>
> 28. THE ENTIRE IRAOI WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM WILL NOT COLLAPSE
> PRECIPITOUSLY, BUT ITS CAPABILITIES WILL DECLINE STEADILY AS DWINDLING
> SUPPLIES INCREASINGLY ARE DIVERTED TO HIGHER PRIORITY SITES WITH
> COMPATIBLE EQUIPMENT. KARKH, IRAO'S LARGEST WATERTREATMENT PLANT (AND
> ONE OF THE WORLD'S LARGEST), WAS DESIGNED TO STORE 30 DAYS OF SUPPLIES
> ON SITE. THE QUANTITY OF SUPPLIES, IF ANY, NORMALLY STOCKPILED IN
> CENTRALIZED WAREHOUSES BEFORE SHIPMENT TO TREATMENT PLANTS IS UNKNOWN,
> BUT A 6 MONTH TO I YEAR SUPPLY OF CHEMICALS IS THE NORMAL INDUSTRIAL
> PRACTICE. HOWEVER, CURRENT IRAQI EFFORTS TO OBTAIN CHEMICALS AND
> MEMBRANES AND THE INSTALLATION OF A PIPELINE TO OBTAIN PURE KUWAITI
> WATER SUGGEST THAT THERE WAS NOT ADEOUATE STOCKPILING PRIOR TO THE
> INVASION OF KUWAIT. SOME CHEMICALS ARE DEPLETED OR ARE NEARING
> DEPLETION, AND OLDER MEMBRANES ARE NOT BEING REPLACED ON SCHEDULE.
> CONSEOUENTLY, IRAQ PROBABLY IS USING UNTREATED OR PARTIALLY TREATED
> WATER IN SOME LOCATIONS. FULL DEGRADATION OF THE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM
>
> PROBABLY WILL TAKE AT LEAST ANOTHER 6 MONTHS.
>
> [ (b)(2) ]
>
> ENDS
>
> * See also: NucNews Links and Archives (by date) at http://nucnews.net *
(Posted for educational and research purposes only, in accordance with Title
17 U.S.C. section 107) *



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