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[ Presenting plain-text part of multi-format email ] In a message dated 18/03/03 00:21:19 GMT Standard Time, Charlie Chimp 1 writes: > RM-COUNSEL] Proof - The US Deliberate Genocidal Acts Against Iraq > Date: 17/03/03 08:39:34 GMT Standard Time > From: <A HREF="mailto:cwolman@mcn.org">cwolman@mcn.org</A> > Reply-to: <A HREF="mailto:RM-COUNSEL@yahoogroups.com">RM-COUNSEL@yahoogroups.com</A> > To: <A HREF="mailto:RM-COUNSEL@yahoogroups.com">RM-COUNSEL@yahoogroups.com</A> > Sent from the Internet (Details) > > > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: <prop1@prop1.org> > To: <nucnews@yahoogroups.com> > Sent: Saturday, March 15, 2003 11:57 AM > Subject: [NucNews] Proof - The US Planned Genocidal Acts Against Iraq > > > > [War crime, for sure. et] > > > > Proof - The US Planned Genocidal Acts Against Iraq > > > > > http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/declassdocs/dia/19950901/950901_511rept_91.html > > > > Friday, 14 March 2003, 5:40 pm, Scoop (New Zealand) > > http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/WO0303/S00194.htm > > > > Clear And Irrefutable Proof The US Government Planned And Executed > > Genocidal Acts Against The Iraqi People. > > > > Information Clearing House – News You Won't Find On CNN > > From: http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article2108.htm > > 03/13/03 > > > > Our Worst Fears Confirmed. > > > > Washington professor Tom Nagy appeared tonight (March 13 , 2003) on the > > national Swiss TV-channel SFDRS 1: > > > > This Washington professor presented Pentagon papers providing hard > > evidence on the past and present war-doctrines of the USAF and other US > > troops. > > > > These documents are hard evidence and proof of intentional genocide > > against the entire Iraqi civilian population. These war crimes we > > committed by destroying the water systems with precision bombing . > > > > The bombing of the Iraqi water systems never was an obvious intentional > > target ! It' worked well in 1991, so we can expect that they'll use it > > once again. These US-War Criminals should be brought to justice. > > > > A further US attack on Iraq's water purification systems will bring > > untold deaths due to lack of clean drinkable water and will ultimately > > lead to the deaths of million of Iraqi Civilians. > > > > We really have to face this clearly. > > > > The US-Government is prepared to commit intentionally an unimaginable > > GENOCIDE. > > > > We have the common duty to do whatever it takes to stop this war, > > everything possible which fits the concept of Peace and avoids the > > concept of War . > > > > = > > > > Our Swiss reader has been kind enough to provide this further update. > > > > It's already late-night here in Switzerland , but this incredible > > war-craze merits every effort at any time to be stopped. > > > > So this is what happened on Swiss-TV tonight : > > > > Tonight, March 13, 2003 , approx. 21:15 Swiss Time , the Swiss National > > TV-Channel SFDRS 1 broadcasted its regular weekly show MTV (stands in > > German for Menschen, Technik, Wissenschaft = Humans, Technology, > > Science). In the prime-news at 20:00 they gave already a short info on > > this coming issue, that an interview with US Professor Tom Nagy on the > > Water-War and Genocide on the Iraqi population will be broadcast in the > > MTW-show . Professor Nagy works at the George Washington University , > > Washington DC, 20052 USA, in the Department of Management Science . > > > > His email address is nagy@gwu.edu, > > > > his website-url is: http://home.gwu.edu/~nagy/ > > > > both of these links were provided on the Swiss-TV homepage > > http://www.sfdrs.ch > > > > and there under programs (Sendungen)/MTV, and there was also the link to > > the declassified Pentagon papers he cited and explained in the interview > : > > > > > http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/declassdocs/dia/19950901/950901_511rept_91.html > > > > During his interview (about 15 minutes altogether), Mr. Nagy presented > > several Pentagon-files from 1991 to 1998. > > > > He said these documents were strictly classified until they succeeded in > > their struggle to get them declassified not so long ago. He showed a > > Pentagon paper from 1991 and explained, that it contains the USAF's > > strategy to intentionally destroy the Iraqi water-systems, which is a > > very hard breach of the Geneva-conventions and therefore a warcrime to > > be prosecuted under international law . > > > > When asked by the interviewer, if he shares this view, Mr. Nagy was sad > > because he had to agree completely. He showed then further Pentagon > > papers from 1998 which made the following statements and comments > > necessary from his part: the USAF concluded, that this method used in > > the first Gulf-war was very effective, even more in combination with the > > fact, that the US and the UK abused the embargo to prevent Iraq from the > > import of chlorine for water-desinfection. > > > > This drama caused already the death of more than 500'000 Iraqi children, > > Mr. Nagy said, and currently are 6000 Iraqi children dying in a week due > > to nothing else than the lack of clean water ... . > > > > And then he went on saying, that the US Generals found this method > > really convincing and working, and that the orders given to the USAF for > > the coming war give precise information on the planned and intentional > > destruction of the entire Iraqi water-supply-system . > > > > He said, the USAF will therefore use their high-precision laser-guided > > missiles again to bomb the Iraqi water-systems definitely into the > > ground now, and that this will be officially communicated as 'collateral > > damages'. And then he made a kind of résumé of all these bitter facts > > and had to conclude, that there is no other way to look at this than as > > a clear attempt to commit intentional Genocide , because the USAF and > > the US Army knew and knows today that this strategy will kill literally > > Millions of innocent Iraqis . He said it will be only a matter of months > > then until probably the great majority of Iraqis will have died, the > > children first, for they are sick already now ..... . > > > > > THIS MUST BECOME PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE IN THE ENTIRE USA !!! > > > > DIA's Declassified: "IRAQ WATER TREATMMENT VULNERABILITIES (U)" > > > > Original Document: > > > http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/declassdocs/dia/19950901/950901_511rept_91.html > > > > Filename:511rept.91 > > > > DTG: 221900Z JAN 91 > > > > FM: DIA WASHINGTON DC > > VIA: NMIST NET > > TO: CENTCOM > > INFO: CENTAF > > UK STRIKE COMMAND > > MARCENT > > 18 ABC > > NAVCENT > > SOCCENT > > 7TH CORPS > > ANKARA > > > > SUBJECT: IRAQ WATER TREATMMENT VULNERABILITIES (U) > > > > AS OF 18 JAN 91 KEY JUDGMENTS. > > > > 1. IRAO DEPENDS ON IMPORTING-SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENT-AND SOME CHEMICALS TO > > PURIFY ITS WATER SUPPLY, MOST OF WHICH IS HEAVILY MINERALIZED AND > > FREQUENTLY BRACKISH TO SALINE. > > > > 2. WITH NO DOMESTIC SOURCES OF BOTH WATER TREATMENT REPLACEMENT PARTS > > AND SOME ESSENTIAL CHEMICALS, IRAO WILL CONTINUE ATTEMPTS TO CIRCUMVENT > > UNITED NATIONS SANCTIONS TO IMPORT THESE VITAL COMMODITIES. > > > > 3. FAILING TO SECURE SUPPLIES WILL RESULT IN A SHORTAGE OF PURE DRINKING > > WATER FOR MUCH OF THE POPULATION. THIS COULD LEAD TO INCREASED > > INCIDENCES, IF NOT EPIDEMICS, OF DISEASE AND TO CERTAIN > > PURE-WATER-DEPENDENT INDUSTRIES BECOMING INCAPACITATED, INCLUDING PETRO > > CHEMICALS, FERTILIZERS, PETROLEUM REFINING, ELECTRONICS,PHARMACEUTICALS, > > FOOD PROCESSING, TEXTILES, CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION,AND THERMAL POWERPLANTS. > > > > 4. IRAQ'S OVERALL WATER TREATMENT CAPABILITY WILL SUFFER A SLOW DECLINE, > > RATHER THAN A PRECIPITOUS HALT, AS DWINDLING SUPPLIES AND CANNIBALIZED > > PARTS ARE CONCENTRATED AT HIGHER PRIORITY LOCATIONS. ALTHOUGH IRAQ IS > > ALREADY EXPERIENCING A LOSS OF WATERTREATMENT CAPABILITY, IT PROBABLY > > WILL TAKE AT LEAST SIX MONTHS (TO JUNE 1991) BEFORE THE SYSTEM IS FULLY > > DEGRADED. > > > > 5. UNLESS WATER TREATMENT SUPPLIES ARE EXEMPTED FROM THE UNSANCTIONS FOR > > HUMANITARIAN REASONS, NO ADEQUATE SOLUTION EXISTS FOR IRAQ'S WATER > > PURIFICATION DILEMMA, SINCE NO SUITABLE ALTERNATIVES,INCLUDING LOOTING > > SUPPLIES FROM KUWAIT, SUFFICIENTLY MEET IRAQI NEEDS.) > > > > 6. IRAQI WATER QUALITY. SURFACE WATER FROM THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES > > RIVER SYSTEM SUPPLIES ABOUT HALF OF IRAQ'S LAND AREA,INCLUDING URBAN > > AREAS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED INDUSTRIES. IRAQ'S REMAINING AREA, PRIMARILY > > RURAL, RELIES ON GROUND WATER FROM WELLS.THE QUALITY OF UNTREATED WATER > > THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY VARIES WIDELY BUT GENERALLY IS POOR. HEAVY > > MINERALIZATION, SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND,FREQUENTLY, HIGH SALINITY > > CHARACTERIZE IRAQ'S WATER SUPPLY.ALTHoUGH IRAQ HAS MADE A CONSIDERABLE > > EFFORT TO SUPPLY PURE WATER TO ITS POPULATION, THE WATER TREATMENT > > SYSTEM WAS UNRELIABLE EVEN BEFORE THE UNITED NATIONS SANCTIONS SALINITY > > CHARACTERIZE IRAO'S WATER SUPPLY.ALTHOUGH IRAQ HAS MADE A CONSIDERABLE > > EFFORT TO SUPPLY PURE WATER TO ITS POPULATION, THE WATER TREATMENT > > SYSTEM WAS UNRELIABLE EVEN BEFORE THE UNITED NATIONS SANCTIONS WERE > > IMPOSED. MOST IRAOIS PREFER TO DRINK IMPORTED BOTTLED WATER. > > > > 7. THE MINERALS IN THE WATER INCLUDE CONCENTRATIONS OF CARBONATES, > > SULPHATES, CHLORIDES, AND, IN SOME LOCATIONS, NITRATES.DRINKING HEAVILY > > MINERALIZED WATER COULD RESULT IN DIARRHEA AND,OVER THE LONG TERM, > > STONES FORMING WITHIN THE BODY. FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS, PIPES AND > > OTHER EOUIPMENT WOULD SCALE (BECOME ENCRUSTED), EVENTUALLY CAUSING > > PLANTS TO SHUT DOWN. SCALING IN BOILERS WOULD CAUSE EXPLOSIONS IF NOT > > PREVENTED OR REMOVED. > > > > 8. MUCH OF IRAO'S GROUND WATER SUPPLIES ARE BRACKISH TO SALINE. > > THE,LARGE RESERVOIRS NEAR BAGHDAD--THE THARTHAR, -. HABBANIYAH, AND AL > > MILH LAKES--ARE SALINE. SINCE THESE LAKES SERVE AS CATCH BASINS FOR > > FLOODS ON THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVERS, THE IRAOIS MUST REDUCE THE > > WATER VOLUME IN-THE LAKES DURING THE LOW-WATER SEASON. EVAPARATlON > > DURING THE SUMMER -ACCOMPLISHES THIS IMPART. SINCE REDUCING THE WATER > > VOLUME IN THE LAKES ONLY INCREASES SALINITY, THE IRAQIS FLUSH THE LAKES > > BY DIVERTING FRESH WATER FROM UP STREAM ON THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES. THE > > FLOW IS DISCHARGED FURTHER DOWNSTREAM TO AVOID FILLING THE BASINS. SINCE > > THE DISCHARGE OCCURS WHERE THE RIVERS ENTER THE MESOPOTAMIAN PLAIN, THE > > DISCHARGE INCREASES THE NATURAL SALINITY OF THE WATERS DOWNSTREAM, > > AFFECTING IRRIGATED AGRICULTURAL LANDS IRAQ SPECIALIZES IN- > > SALINE-RESISTANT CROPS SUCH AS BARLEr AND DATES) AND URBAN AREAS, > > INCLUDING BAGHDAD.THE KARKH WATER TREATMENT PROJECT FOR WESTERN BAGHDAD > > HAS AN IN TAKE POINT ABOUT 40 KILOMETERS NORTH OF BAGHDAD, UPSTREAM FROM > > WHERE LAKE THARTHAR DISCHARGES INTO THE TIGRIS. WATER BELOW THE > > DISCHARGE POINT REQUIRES DESALINIZATION. > > > > 9. AT BASRAH, THE SHATT AL ARAB TENDS TO BE SALINE UNDER CONDITIONS OF > > LOW-RIVER WATER VOLUMES AND DEPENDING ON TIDE AND WIND DIRECTIONS. > > NORMALLY, THE SHATT AL ARAB AT BASRAH HAS A SALINITY OF 1,500 TO 2,000 > > PARTS PER MILLION (PPM). SALINITY HAS BEEN INCREASING OVER THE LAST 5 > > YEARS, AND IN THE FALL 1989, THE SALINITY HAD REACHED 6,000 TO 7,000 > > PPM, HIGHER THAN EXISTING DESALINIZATION SYSTEMS COULD HANDLE. (OCEAN > > SEAWATER IS ABOUT 36,000 PPM OF DISSOLVED SALTS; THE PERSIAN GULF IS > > APPROXIMATELY 42,000 PPM.BRACKISH WATER IS A MINIMUM OF 1,000 PPM. THE > > WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION STANDARD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION IS 500 PPM OR > > LESS.GROUND WATER IN IRAO'S LOWER MESOPOTAMIAN BASIN RANGES FROM 5,000 > > TO 60,000 PPM, WITH SOME LOCATIONS REACHING 80,000). SALINE WATER IS > > UNFIT FOR DRINKING AND CORRODES INDUSTRIAL PIPES OR OTHER EXPOSED > EQUIPMENT. > > > > 10. (U) SUSPENDED SOLIDS, PRIMARILY SILT, IN THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES > > RIVER SYSTEM INCREASE WITH WATER VOLUME. UNLESS REMOVED FROM THE WATER, > > THESE PARTICLES WOULD CLOG PIPES AND FILTERS AND WOULD REQUIRE STRAINING > > BEFORE CONSUMPTION BY END USERS. > > > > 11. IRAQ'S RIVERS ALSO CONTAIN BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS,POLLUTANTS, AND ARE > > LADEN WITH BACTERIA. UNLESS THE WATER IS PURIFIED WITH CHLORINE > > EPIDEMICS OF SUCH DISEASES AS CHOLERA,HEPATITIS, AND TYPHOID COULD > OCCUR.) > > > > 12. WATER TREATMENT REGIMES. WATER TREATMENT IS SPECIFIC TO THE > > IMPURITIES OF THE WATER TREATED AND TO THE APPLICATION FOR WHICH THE > > WATER WILL BE USED. THE BASIC PROCESS REQUIRES CLARIFICATION (REMOVING > > SUSPENDED SOLIDS), FILTRATION, AND, FOR DRINKING AND SOME INDUSTRIAL > > USES, PURIFICATION. IN IRAQ, THE PROCESS ALSO INCLUDES DESALINATING AND > > WATER SOFTENING. > > > > 13. CLARIFICATION REQUIRES ADDING FLOCCULANTS AND COAGULANTS TO THE > > WATER. THE IRAOIS USE ALUMINUM SULPHATE ALTHOUGH IRON SULPHATES ARE > > ACCEPTABLE TO BIND THE SUSPENDED SOLIDS INTO CLUMPS FOR SETTLING. IF NOT > > REMOVED, THE SEDIMENTS, OR SLUDGE, WOULD CLOG THE FILTRATION SYSTEM > > (PROBABLY SAND) AND SHUT DOWN THE WATER PURIFICATION PLANT UNTIL THE > > CLOGS WERE REMOVED. ALUMINUM SULPHATE SUPPLY LEVELS ARE KNOWN TO BE > > CRITICALLY LOW, SINCE IRAQ TRIED AND FAILED TO OBTAIN PRECURSOR > > CHEMICALS FROM JORDAN FOR ITS MANUFACTURE. > > > > 14. CHLORINATION NORMALY IS ACCOMPLISHED DURING SEVERAL STAGES OF > > PURIFICATION, INCLUDING THE INITAL TREATMENT STAGE TO PREVENT THE > > EQUIPMENT FROM LIMING AND TO KILL PATHOGENS JUST PRIOR TO STORING THE > > FULLY TREATED WATER. THE CHLORINE USED IN MOST PLANTS IS EITHER SODIUM > > HYPOCHLORITE, A LIOUID, OR CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE, A POWDER. IF THEY ARE > > EQUIPPED WITH INJECTORS, LOW-CAPACITY PLANTS CAN USE CHLORINE GAS > > DIRECTLY. IRAO'S PLANT IN FALLUJA AND THE PC-I PETROCHEMICAL PLANT AT > > BASRAH PRODUCE SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE AND, AS A BY-PRODUCT, CAUSTIC SODA, > > WHICH IS USED TO ADJUST THE PH OF WATER SUPPLIES. NORMALLY, BOTH > > LOCATIONS PRODUCE RELATIVELY SMALL QUANTITIES OF CHLORINE FOR INDUSTRIAL > > AND SOME MUNICIPAL USE; CHLORINE FOR MUNICIPAL SUPPLIES ALSO IS > > IMPORTED.RECENT REPORTS INDICATE THE CHLORINE SUPPLY IS CRITICALLY LOW. > > ITS IMPORTATION HAS BEEN EMBARGOED, AND BOTH MAIN PRODUCTION PLANTS > > EITHER HAD BEEN SHUT DOWN FOR A TIME OR HAVE BEEN > > PRODUCING MINIMAL OUTPUTS BECAUSE OF THE LACK OF IMPORTED CHEMICALS AND > > THE INABILITY TO REPLACE PARTS. PREVIOUSLY WHEN SUPPLIES WERE LOW, THE > > IRAQI SHAVE STOPPED CHLORINATING THE DRINKING WATER, BUT ONLY FOR SHORT > > PERIODS. TO RETARD ALGAE GROWTH, WHICH COULD CLOG PIPES, COPPER SULPHATE > > NORMALLY IS ADDED TO THE WATER. BUT THIS PRACTICE HAS NOT BEEN VERIFIED > > IN IRAO, AND SUPPLIES OF COPPER SULPHATE ARE UNKNOWN.SULFURIC ACID > > TYPICALLY IS ADDED AS WELL, BUT IRAQ PROBABLY CAN PRODUCE SUFFICIENT > > SUPPLIES. > > > > 15. IRAQ APPARENTLY USES LIME, AT LEAST AT THE NEW KARKH TREATMENT > > PLANT, TO SOFTEN WATER. THE LIME PRECIPITATES COLLOIDAL CARBONATE > > IMPURITIES FROM THE WATER. SODA ASH AND ZEOLITES ALSO NORMALLY ARE USED > > TO REMOVE NONCARBONATE MINERAL IMPURITIES, BUT THEIR USE IN IRAO HAS NOT > > BEEN DETERMINED. LOCAL COMPANIES SELL BOTTLED SOFT WATER IN IRAO, > > SUGGESTING THAT MUNICIPAL WATER SYSTEMS DO NOT NORMALLY SOFTEN WATER. > > IRAQ SHOULD HAVE NO SHORTAGES OF LIME. HOWEVER, THE LACK OF SOFTENING > > CHEMICALS REPORTEDLY HAS INCAPACITATED THE BOTTLED SOFT-WATER INDUSTRY. > > > > 16. BETWEEN 1982 AND 1990, SOME IRAOI INDUSTRIES INSTALLED REVERSIBLE > > ION EXCHANGE ELECTRODIALYSIS MEMBRANE SYSTEMS, OBTAINED FROM AN AMERICAN > > SOURCE, TO SOFTEN AND DESALINATE WATER. THE MEMBRANES LAST 5 TO 7 YEARS > > AND DO NOT REQUIRE CHEMICAL PRETREATMENT OF THE WATER. THEY NORMALLY > > SERVE SMALLER VOLUME REQUIREMENTS.HOWEVER, A MAJOR OIL REFINERY, AL > > DAURA IN BAGHDAD, INSTALLED THIS SYSTEM IN 1985, AND IT PRODUCES 24,000 > > CUBIC METERS OF PURIFIED WATER PER DAY. > > > > 17. ABOUT ONE QUARTER OF ALL IRAOI WATER SUPPLIED FOR INDUSTRIAL AND > > HUMAN CONSUMPTION REQUIRES DESALINIZATION. IRAO RELIES ALMOST > > EXCLUSIVELY ON ION EXCHANGE OR REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEMS RATHER THAN > > MULTISTAGE FLASH UNITS. ION EXCHANGE AND REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANES ARE > > SPECIFIC TO THE TYPE OF EQUIPMENT OF WHICH THEY ARE A COMPONENT, AS ARE > > THE CHEMICALS REOUIRED. PREVIOUS IRAQI USE OF SUBSTITUTES HAS NOT BEEN > > SATISFACTORY. IRAO REPORTEDLY DEPENDS ON IMPORTED MEMBRANES AND IMPORTS > > CHEMICALS FROM SEVERAL SOURCES. IRAQ HAD NOT COMPLETED THE MAJOR > > PURCHASE AND DELIVERY OF SPARE MEMBRANES BEFORE INVADING KUWAIT. > > ATTEMPTS TO PROCURE MEMBRANES SINCE THE UN SANCTIONS WERE IMPOSED HAVE > > FAILED. SINCE THE ATTEMPT TO IMPORT MEMBRANES CORRESPONED TO THEIR > > NORMAL REPLACEMENT PERIOD, IRAQ APPARENTLY DID NOT STOCKPILE ABUNDANT > > SPACE MEMBRANES OR CHEMICALS AND PROBABLY HAD NO MORE THAN A 2-MONTH > > SUPPLY PRIOR TO THE INVASION. > > > > 18. POLYAMIDE MEMBRANES WHICH IRAO USES IN SOME DESALINIZATION > > EOUIPMENT, DETERIORATE WHEN EXPOSED TO CHLORINE IONS.PRIOR TO PASSING > > THROUGH THE MEMBRANE, WAT-ER IS TREATED WITH SODIUM METABISULPHITE TO > > REMOVE THE CHLORINE USED IN PRETREATMENT. THE CHLORINE THEN IS RE-STORED > > FOR LATER PURIFICATION. THE STATUS OF SODIUM METABISULPHITE SUPPLIES IS > > NOT KNOWN, BUT SUPPLIES PROBABLY ARE DWINDLING, WHICH WILL ESCALATE > > FAILURES OF THIS MEMBRANE TYPE.IRAO ALSO USES CELLULOSE ACETATE > > MEMBRANES (AN OLD TECHNOLOGY),WHICH HAVE AN EXCEPTIONALLY SHORT LIFE AND > > ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION. IRAO REPORTEDLY CAN > > MANUFACTURE CELLULOSE MEMBRANES, BUT THE AVAILABILITY OF PRECURSOR > > STOCKS IS PROBABLY LOW.IRAQ HAD BEEN ACOUIRING REVERSE ELECTRODIALYSIS > > ION EXCHANGE MEMBRANES PRIOR TO THE UN SANCTIONS. HOWEVER, MOST SYSTEMS > > USE REVERSE OSMOSIS OR UNIDIRECTIONAL ELECTRODIALYSIS, WHICH, UNLIKE > > REVERSE ELECTRODIALYSIS MEMBRANES, REOUIRE CHEMICALS TO MAKE THEM WORK.) > > > > 19. INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT. INDUSTRIES REQUIRE TREATED WATER, AND > > THE TYPE OF TREATMENT DEPENDS ON THE APPLICATION. NORMALLY, SOFTENING > > AND DESALINIZATION ARE REOUIRED TO PREVENT PIPE SAND EOUIPMENT FROM > > CORRODING OR SCALING. IN THE PETRO CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, WATER USED FOR > > COOLING IS PARTIALLY TREATED TO PREVENT SCALING. WATER USED IN THERMAL > > POWERPLANTS OR REFINERIES TO PRODUCE STEAM MUST BE PURE TO PREVENT BOTH > > CORROSION AND SCALING.OTHERWISE, LOSS OF CAPABILITY COULD OCCUR WITHIN 2 > > MONTHS. IN ADDITION, FOOD PROCESSING, ELECTRONIC, AND, > > PARTICULARLY,PHARMACEUTICAL PLANTS REOUIRE EXTREMELY PURE WATER THAT IS > > FREE FROM BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS. LARGE INDUSTRIAL PLANTS, INCLUDING > > PETROCHEMICAL, REFINING, AND FERTILIZER PLANTS, COLLOCATE THEIR WATER > > TREATMENT FACILITIES. TURNKEY CONTRACTORS BUILT THESE FACILITIES, AND > > THE PARTS ARE SPECIFIC TO EACH SYSTEM, WHICH COMPLICATES THEIR > > REPLACEMENT. THE IRAOIS COULD NOT MANUFACTURE DUPLICATES AND THEIR > > IMPORTATION IS EMBARGOED.) > > > > 20. IRAQI ALTERNATIVES. IRAQ COULD TRY CONVINCING THE UNITED NATIONS OR > > INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES TO EXEMPT WATER TREATMENT SUPPLIES FROM SANCTIONS > > FOR HUMANITARIAN REASONS. IT PROBABLY ALSO IS ATTEMPTING TO PURCHASE > > SUPPLIES BY USING SOME SYMPATHETIC COUNTRIES AS FRONTS. IF SUCH ATTEMPTS > > FAIL, IRAQI ALTERNATIVES ARE NOT ADEOUATE FOR THEIR NATIONAL > REOUIREMENTS. > > > > 21. VARIOUS IRAOI INDUSTRIES HAVE WATER TREATMENT CHEMICAL SAND > > EQUIPMENT ON HAND, IF THEY HAVE NOT ALREADY BEEN CONSUMED OR BROKEN. > > IRAO POSSIBLY COULD CANNIBALIZE PARTS OR ENTIRE SYSTEMS FROM LOWER TO > > HIGHER PRIORITY PLANTS, AS WELL AS DIVERT CHEMICALS,SUCH AS CHLORINE. > > HOWEVER, THIS CAPABILITY WOULD BE LIMITED AND TEMPORARY. IRAQ PREVIOUSLY > > HAD ACQUIRED SEVERAL HUNDRED CONTAINERIZED REVERSE OSMOSIS MODULES FOR > > LOCALIZED USE THAT COULD BE RELOCATED. WITHOUT CHEMICALS AND REPLACEMENT > > MEMBRANES, THESE UNITS WHERE EVENTUALLY WOULD BECOME USELESS. HOWEVER, > > CONSOLIDATING CHEMICALS OR CANNIBALIZING PARTS AND MOVING UNITS WHERE > > NECESSARY COULD SUSTAIN SOME PURIFICATION OPERATIONS INDUSTRIAL PLANTS > > THAT ARE INOPERABLE FOR REASONS-OTHER THAN THE LACK OF WATER TREATMENT > > SUPPLIES COULD PROCESS WATER FOR MUNICIPAL NEEDS OR POSSIBLY RELOCATE > > THEIR PURIFICATION EOUIPMENT. > > > > 22. THE DIFFERENCE IN WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS LIMITS THE BENEFITS TO > > IRAQ OF PLUNDERING KUWAIT'S WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS. THE KUWAITIS RELY > > PRIMARILY ON DESALINATING SEAWATER, AND THEIR WATER NEEDS ARE > > CONSIDERABLY SMALLER THAN IRAQ'S. IRAQ COULD NOT USE CHEMICALS INTENDED > > FOR KUWAITI WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS, EXCEPT FOR LIMITED QUANTITIES OF > > CHLORINE. ATTEMPTS TO CIRCUMVENT THE SANCTIONS TO OBTAIN WATER TREATMENT > > CHEMICALS SUGGEST THAT ANY USEFUL SUPPLIES FROM KUWAIT ALREADY HAVE BEEN > > LOOTED AND USED. > > > > 23. IRAO HAS INSTALLED A PIPELINE FROM THE DOHA DESALINIZATION PLANT IN > > KUWAIT THAT CONNECTS WITH DISTRIBUTION PIPES AT A WATERTREATMENT PLANT > > NEAR BASRAH. THIS SOURCE OF PURE WATER APPARENTLY HAS ENABLED THE PC-I > > PETROCHEMICAL PLANT TO OPERATE AND TO PRODUCE CHLORINE BY ELECTROLYSIS > > OF KUWAITI WATER MIXED WITH PURE SODIUM CHLORIDE. AT LEAST SOME OF THIS > > CHLORINE PROBABLY IS USED FOR MUNICIPAL WATER PURIFICATION, BUT THE > > OUANTITY PRODUCED WOULD BE INADEOUATE FOR NATIONAL REOUIREMENTS. > > MOREOVER, SOME OF THE CHLORINE PROBABLY IS USED AT THE PC-I PLANT TO > > MAKE POLYVINYL CHLORIDES TO CREATE THE PLASTIC SHEETS USED IN > > AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION. THE USE OF KUWAITI WATER PROBABLY WILL NOT LAST > > LONG SINCE THE DOHA PLANT USES THE MULTISTAGE FLASH DESALINIZATION > > PROCESS, WHICH REOUIRES ACID DOSING OR THE ADDITION OF POLYMERS TO > > PREVENT SCALING OF THE HEAT EXCHANGES. THE UN SANCTIONS MAY PREVENT > > RESUPPLY OF THESE CHEMICALS. INTENSIVE MAINTENANCE ALSO IS REOUIRED TO > > KEEP THE UNITS OPERATING, AND THAT PROBABLY WOULD REOUIRE THE SERVICES > > OF TRAINED KUWAITI EMPLOYEES SINCE IRAQ HAS LITTLE EXPERIENCE WITH > > MULTISTAGE FLASH UNITS. > > > > 24. IRAQ'S BEST SOURCES OF QUALITY WATER ARE IN THE MOUNTAINS OF THE > > NORTH AND NORTHEAST, WHERE MINERALIZATION AND SALINITY ARE WITHIN > > ACCEPTABLE LIMITS. FOR THE SHORT TERM, IRAO CONCEIVABLY COULD TRUCK > > WATER FROM THE MOUNTAIN RESERVOIRS TO URBAN AREAS. BUT THE CAPABILITY TO > > GAIN SIGNIFICANT QUANTITIES IS EXTREMELY LIMITED. THE AMOUNT OF PIPE ON > > HAND AND THE LACK OF PUMPING STATIONS WOULD LIMIT LAYING PIPELINES TO > > THESE RESERVOIRS. MOREOVER, WITHOUT CHLORINE PURIFICATION, THE WATER > > STILL WOULD CONTAIN BIOLOGICAL POLLUTANTS. SOME AFFLUENT IRAQIS COULD > > OBTAIN THEIR OWN MINIMALLY ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF GOOD OUALITY WATER FROM > > NORTHERN IRAOI SOURCES.IF BOILED, THE WATER COULD BE SAFELY CONSUMED. > > POORER IRAQIS AND INDUSTRIES REQUIRING LARGE OUANTITIES OF PURE WATER > > WOULD NOT BE ABLE TO MEET THEIR NEEDS. > > > > 25. PRECIPITATION OCCURS IN IRAQ DURING THE WINTER AND SPRING,BUT IT > > FALLS PRIMARILY IN THE NORTHERN MOUNTAINS. SPORADIC RAINS,SOMETIMES > > HEAVY , FALL OVER THE LOWER PLAINS. BUT IRAQ COULD NOT RELY ON RAIN TO > > PROVIDE ADEQUATE PURE WATER. > > > > 26. THE SALINE OR ALKALINE CONTENT-OF GROUND WATER IN MOST LOCATIONS > > WOULD CONSTRAIN DRILLING WELLS IN THE MESOPOTAMIAN PLAIN TO OBTAIN PURER > > WATER MOREOVER, MUCH OF THE POPULATION USES SEPTIC TANKS, AND THE > > UNDERLYING GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY WOULD CONTAMINATE WELLS IN MANY > > LOCATIONS.))OUTLOOK) > > > > 27. IRAQ WILL SUFFER INCREASING SHORTAGES OF PURIFIED WATER BECAUSE OF > > THE LACK OF REOUIRED CHEMICALS AND DESALINIZATION MEMBRANES. INCIDENCES > > OF DISEASE, INCLUDING POSSIBLE EPIDEMICS,WILL BECOME PROBABLE UNLESS THE > > POPULATION WERE CAREFUL TO BOIL WATER BEFORE CONSUMPTION, PARTICULARLY > > SINCE THE SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEM, NEVER A HIGH PRIORITY, WILL SUFFER > > THE SAME LOSS OF CAPABILITY WITH THE LACK OF CHLORINE. LOCALLY PRODUCED > > FOOD AND MEDICINE COULD BE CONTAMINATED. LACK OF COAGULATION CHEMICALS > > WILL CAUSE PERIODIC SHUTDOWNS OF TREATMENT PLANTS FOR UNCLOGGING AND > > CLEANING FILTERS, CAUSING INTERRUPTIONS OF WATER SUPPLIES. AS > > DESALINIZATION EQUIPMENT BECOMES INOPERABLE, SALINE WATER SOURCES WILL > > BECOME INCREASINGLY UNUSABLE. TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT SHUT DOWNS OF > > INDUSTRIAL PLANTS THAT RELY ON TREATED WATER WILL MULTIPLY.CANNIBALIZING > > LOWER PRIORITY OPERATIONS WILL ACCELERATE THE TREND. > > > > 28. THE ENTIRE IRAOI WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM WILL NOT COLLAPSE > > PRECIPITOUSLY, BUT ITS CAPABILITIES WILL DECLINE STEADILY AS DWINDLING > > SUPPLIES INCREASINGLY ARE DIVERTED TO HIGHER PRIORITY SITES WITH > > COMPATIBLE EQUIPMENT. KARKH, IRAO'S LARGEST WATERTREATMENT PLANT (AND > > ONE OF THE WORLD'S LARGEST), WAS DESIGNED TO STORE 30 DAYS OF SUPPLIES > > ON SITE. THE QUANTITY OF SUPPLIES, IF ANY, NORMALLY STOCKPILED IN > > CENTRALIZED WAREHOUSES BEFORE SHIPMENT TO TREATMENT PLANTS IS UNKNOWN, > > BUT A 6 MONTH TO I YEAR SUPPLY OF CHEMICALS IS THE NORMAL INDUSTRIAL > > PRACTICE. HOWEVER, CURRENT IRAQI EFFORTS TO OBTAIN CHEMICALS AND > > MEMBRANES AND THE INSTALLATION OF A PIPELINE TO OBTAIN PURE KUWAITI > > WATER SUGGEST THAT THERE WAS NOT ADEOUATE STOCKPILING PRIOR TO THE > > INVASION OF KUWAIT. SOME CHEMICALS ARE DEPLETED OR ARE NEARING > > DEPLETION, AND OLDER MEMBRANES ARE NOT BEING REPLACED ON SCHEDULE. > > CONSEOUENTLY, IRAQ PROBABLY IS USING UNTREATED OR PARTIALLY TREATED > > WATER IN SOME LOCATIONS. FULL DEGRADATION OF THE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM > > > > PROBABLY WILL TAKE AT LEAST ANOTHER 6 MONTHS. > > > > [ (b)(2) ] > > > > ENDS > > > > * See also: NucNews Links and Archives (by date) at http://nucnews.net * > (Posted for educational and research purposes only, in accordance with > Title > 17 U.S.C. section 107) * > > > From: CharlieChimp1@aol.com Full-name: Charlie Chimp 1 Date: Mon, 17 Mar 2003 19:21:19 EST Subject: (no subject) To: Tcapj@aol.com X-Plaintext: Presenting plain-text part of multi-format email [ Presenting plain-text part of multi-format email ] [RM-COUNSEL] Proof - The US Deliberate Genocidal Acts Against Iraq Date: 17/03/03 08:39:34 GMT Standard Time From: <A HREF="mailto:cwolman@mcn.org">cwolman@mcn.org</A> Reply-to: <A HREF="mailto:RM-COUNSEL@yahoogroups.com">RM-COUNSEL@yahoogroups.com</A> To: <A HREF="mailto:RM-COUNSEL@yahoogroups.com">RM-COUNSEL@yahoogroups.com</A> Sent from the Internet (Details) ----- Original Message ----- From: <prop1@prop1.org> To: <nucnews@yahoogroups.com> Sent: Saturday, March 15, 2003 11:57 AM Subject: [NucNews] Proof - The US Planned Genocidal Acts Against Iraq > [War crime, for sure. et] > > Proof - The US Planned Genocidal Acts Against Iraq > > http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/declassdocs/dia/19950901/950901_511rept_91.html > > Friday, 14 March 2003, 5:40 pm, Scoop (New Zealand) > http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/WO0303/S00194.htm > > Clear And Irrefutable Proof The US Government Planned And Executed > Genocidal Acts Against The Iraqi People. > > Information Clearing House – News You Won't Find On CNN > From: http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article2108.htm > 03/13/03 > > Our Worst Fears Confirmed. > > Washington professor Tom Nagy appeared tonight (March 13 , 2003) on the > national Swiss TV-channel SFDRS 1: > > This Washington professor presented Pentagon papers providing hard > evidence on the past and present war-doctrines of the USAF and other US > troops. > > These documents are hard evidence and proof of intentional genocide > against the entire Iraqi civilian population. These war crimes we > committed by destroying the water systems with precision bombing . > > The bombing of the Iraqi water systems never was an obvious intentional > target ! It' worked well in 1991, so we can expect that they'll use it > once again. These US-War Criminals should be brought to justice. > > A further US attack on Iraq's water purification systems will bring > untold deaths due to lack of clean drinkable water and will ultimately > lead to the deaths of million of Iraqi Civilians. > > We really have to face this clearly. > > The US-Government is prepared to commit intentionally an unimaginable > GENOCIDE. > > We have the common duty to do whatever it takes to stop this war, > everything possible which fits the concept of Peace and avoids the > concept of War . > > = > > Our Swiss reader has been kind enough to provide this further update. > > It's already late-night here in Switzerland , but this incredible > war-craze merits every effort at any time to be stopped. > > So this is what happened on Swiss-TV tonight : > > Tonight, March 13, 2003 , approx. 21:15 Swiss Time , the Swiss National > TV-Channel SFDRS 1 broadcasted its regular weekly show MTV (stands in > German for Menschen, Technik, Wissenschaft = Humans, Technology, > Science). In the prime-news at 20:00 they gave already a short info on > this coming issue, that an interview with US Professor Tom Nagy on the > Water-War and Genocide on the Iraqi population will be broadcast in the > MTW-show . Professor Nagy works at the George Washington University , > Washington DC, 20052 USA, in the Department of Management Science . > > His email address is nagy@gwu.edu, > > his website-url is: http://home.gwu.edu/~nagy/ > > both of these links were provided on the Swiss-TV homepage > http://www.sfdrs.ch > > and there under programs (Sendungen)/MTV, and there was also the link to > the declassified Pentagon papers he cited and explained in the interview : > > http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/declassdocs/dia/19950901/950901_511rept_91.html > > During his interview (about 15 minutes altogether), Mr. Nagy presented > several Pentagon-files from 1991 to 1998. > > He said these documents were strictly classified until they succeeded in > their struggle to get them declassified not so long ago. He showed a > Pentagon paper from 1991 and explained, that it contains the USAF's > strategy to intentionally destroy the Iraqi water-systems, which is a > very hard breach of the Geneva-conventions and therefore a warcrime to > be prosecuted under international law . > > When asked by the interviewer, if he shares this view, Mr. Nagy was sad > because he had to agree completely. He showed then further Pentagon > papers from 1998 which made the following statements and comments > necessary from his part: the USAF concluded, that this method used in > the first Gulf-war was very effective, even more in combination with the > fact, that the US and the UK abused the embargo to prevent Iraq from the > import of chlorine for water-desinfection. > > This drama caused already the death of more than 500'000 Iraqi children, > Mr. Nagy said, and currently are 6000 Iraqi children dying in a week due > to nothing else than the lack of clean water ... . > > And then he went on saying, that the US Generals found this method > really convincing and working, and that the orders given to the USAF for > the coming war give precise information on the planned and intentional > destruction of the entire Iraqi water-supply-system . > > He said, the USAF will therefore use their high-precision laser-guided > missiles again to bomb the Iraqi water-systems definitely into the > ground now, and that this will be officially communicated as 'collateral > damages'. And then he made a kind of résumé of all these bitter facts > and had to conclude, that there is no other way to look at this than as > a clear attempt to commit intentional Genocide , because the USAF and > the US Army knew and knows today that this strategy will kill literally > Millions of innocent Iraqis . He said it will be only a matter of months > then until probably the great majority of Iraqis will have died, the > children first, for they are sick already now ..... . > > THIS MUST BECOME PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE IN THE ENTIRE USA !!! > > DIA's Declassified: "IRAQ WATER TREATMMENT VULNERABILITIES (U)" > > Original Document: > http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/declassdocs/dia/19950901/950901_511rept_91.html > > Filename:511rept.91 > > DTG: 221900Z JAN 91 > > FM: DIA WASHINGTON DC > VIA: NMIST NET > TO: CENTCOM > INFO: CENTAF > UK STRIKE COMMAND > MARCENT > 18 ABC > NAVCENT > SOCCENT > 7TH CORPS > ANKARA > > SUBJECT: IRAQ WATER TREATMMENT VULNERABILITIES (U) > > AS OF 18 JAN 91 KEY JUDGMENTS. > > 1. IRAO DEPENDS ON IMPORTING-SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENT-AND SOME CHEMICALS TO > PURIFY ITS WATER SUPPLY, MOST OF WHICH IS HEAVILY MINERALIZED AND > FREQUENTLY BRACKISH TO SALINE. > > 2. WITH NO DOMESTIC SOURCES OF BOTH WATER TREATMENT REPLACEMENT PARTS > AND SOME ESSENTIAL CHEMICALS, IRAO WILL CONTINUE ATTEMPTS TO CIRCUMVENT > UNITED NATIONS SANCTIONS TO IMPORT THESE VITAL COMMODITIES. > > 3. FAILING TO SECURE SUPPLIES WILL RESULT IN A SHORTAGE OF PURE DRINKING > WATER FOR MUCH OF THE POPULATION. THIS COULD LEAD TO INCREASED > INCIDENCES, IF NOT EPIDEMICS, OF DISEASE AND TO CERTAIN > PURE-WATER-DEPENDENT INDUSTRIES BECOMING INCAPACITATED, INCLUDING PETRO > CHEMICALS, FERTILIZERS, PETROLEUM REFINING, ELECTRONICS,PHARMACEUTICALS, > FOOD PROCESSING, TEXTILES, CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION,AND THERMAL POWERPLANTS. > > 4. IRAQ'S OVERALL WATER TREATMENT CAPABILITY WILL SUFFER A SLOW DECLINE, > RATHER THAN A PRECIPITOUS HALT, AS DWINDLING SUPPLIES AND CANNIBALIZED > PARTS ARE CONCENTRATED AT HIGHER PRIORITY LOCATIONS. ALTHOUGH IRAQ IS > ALREADY EXPERIENCING A LOSS OF WATERTREATMENT CAPABILITY, IT PROBABLY > WILL TAKE AT LEAST SIX MONTHS (TO JUNE 1991) BEFORE THE SYSTEM IS FULLY > DEGRADED. > > 5. UNLESS WATER TREATMENT SUPPLIES ARE EXEMPTED FROM THE UNSANCTIONS FOR > HUMANITARIAN REASONS, NO ADEQUATE SOLUTION EXISTS FOR IRAQ'S WATER > PURIFICATION DILEMMA, SINCE NO SUITABLE ALTERNATIVES,INCLUDING LOOTING > SUPPLIES FROM KUWAIT, SUFFICIENTLY MEET IRAQI NEEDS.) > > 6. IRAQI WATER QUALITY. SURFACE WATER FROM THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES > RIVER SYSTEM SUPPLIES ABOUT HALF OF IRAQ'S LAND AREA,INCLUDING URBAN > AREAS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED INDUSTRIES. IRAQ'S REMAINING AREA, PRIMARILY > RURAL, RELIES ON GROUND WATER FROM WELLS.THE QUALITY OF UNTREATED WATER > THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY VARIES WIDELY BUT GENERALLY IS POOR. HEAVY > MINERALIZATION, SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND,FREQUENTLY, HIGH SALINITY > CHARACTERIZE IRAQ'S WATER SUPPLY.ALTHoUGH IRAQ HAS MADE A CONSIDERABLE > EFFORT TO SUPPLY PURE WATER TO ITS POPULATION, THE WATER TREATMENT > SYSTEM WAS UNRELIABLE EVEN BEFORE THE UNITED NATIONS SANCTIONS SALINITY > CHARACTERIZE IRAO'S WATER SUPPLY.ALTHOUGH IRAQ HAS MADE A CONSIDERABLE > EFFORT TO SUPPLY PURE WATER TO ITS POPULATION, THE WATER TREATMENT > SYSTEM WAS UNRELIABLE EVEN BEFORE THE UNITED NATIONS SANCTIONS WERE > IMPOSED. MOST IRAOIS PREFER TO DRINK IMPORTED BOTTLED WATER. > > 7. THE MINERALS IN THE WATER INCLUDE CONCENTRATIONS OF CARBONATES, > SULPHATES, CHLORIDES, AND, IN SOME LOCATIONS, NITRATES.DRINKING HEAVILY > MINERALIZED WATER COULD RESULT IN DIARRHEA AND,OVER THE LONG TERM, > STONES FORMING WITHIN THE BODY. FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS, PIPES AND > OTHER EOUIPMENT WOULD SCALE (BECOME ENCRUSTED), EVENTUALLY CAUSING > PLANTS TO SHUT DOWN. SCALING IN BOILERS WOULD CAUSE EXPLOSIONS IF NOT > PREVENTED OR REMOVED. > > 8. MUCH OF IRAO'S GROUND WATER SUPPLIES ARE BRACKISH TO SALINE. > THE,LARGE RESERVOIRS NEAR BAGHDAD--THE THARTHAR, -. HABBANIYAH, AND AL > MILH LAKES--ARE SALINE. SINCE THESE LAKES SERVE AS CATCH BASINS FOR > FLOODS ON THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVERS, THE IRAOIS MUST REDUCE THE > WATER VOLUME IN-THE LAKES DURING THE LOW-WATER SEASON. EVAPARATlON > DURING THE SUMMER -ACCOMPLISHES THIS IMPART. SINCE REDUCING THE WATER > VOLUME IN THE LAKES ONLY INCREASES SALINITY, THE IRAQIS FLUSH THE LAKES > BY DIVERTING FRESH WATER FROM UP STREAM ON THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES. THE > FLOW IS DISCHARGED FURTHER DOWNSTREAM TO AVOID FILLING THE BASINS. SINCE > THE DISCHARGE OCCURS WHERE THE RIVERS ENTER THE MESOPOTAMIAN PLAIN, THE > DISCHARGE INCREASES THE NATURAL SALINITY OF THE WATERS DOWNSTREAM, > AFFECTING IRRIGATED AGRICULTURAL LANDS IRAQ SPECIALIZES IN- > SALINE-RESISTANT CROPS SUCH AS BARLEr AND DATES) AND URBAN AREAS, > INCLUDING BAGHDAD.THE KARKH WATER TREATMENT PROJECT FOR WESTERN BAGHDAD > HAS AN IN TAKE POINT ABOUT 40 KILOMETERS NORTH OF BAGHDAD, UPSTREAM FROM > WHERE LAKE THARTHAR DISCHARGES INTO THE TIGRIS. WATER BELOW THE > DISCHARGE POINT REQUIRES DESALINIZATION. > > 9. AT BASRAH, THE SHATT AL ARAB TENDS TO BE SALINE UNDER CONDITIONS OF > LOW-RIVER WATER VOLUMES AND DEPENDING ON TIDE AND WIND DIRECTIONS. > NORMALLY, THE SHATT AL ARAB AT BASRAH HAS A SALINITY OF 1,500 TO 2,000 > PARTS PER MILLION (PPM). SALINITY HAS BEEN INCREASING OVER THE LAST 5 > YEARS, AND IN THE FALL 1989, THE SALINITY HAD REACHED 6,000 TO 7,000 > PPM, HIGHER THAN EXISTING DESALINIZATION SYSTEMS COULD HANDLE. (OCEAN > SEAWATER IS ABOUT 36,000 PPM OF DISSOLVED SALTS; THE PERSIAN GULF IS > APPROXIMATELY 42,000 PPM.BRACKISH WATER IS A MINIMUM OF 1,000 PPM. THE > WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION STANDARD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION IS 500 PPM OR > LESS.GROUND WATER IN IRAO'S LOWER MESOPOTAMIAN BASIN RANGES FROM 5,000 > TO 60,000 PPM, WITH SOME LOCATIONS REACHING 80,000). SALINE WATER IS > UNFIT FOR DRINKING AND CORRODES INDUSTRIAL PIPES OR OTHER EXPOSED EQUIPMENT. > > 10. (U) SUSPENDED SOLIDS, PRIMARILY SILT, IN THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES > RIVER SYSTEM INCREASE WITH WATER VOLUME. UNLESS REMOVED FROM THE WATER, > THESE PARTICLES WOULD CLOG PIPES AND FILTERS AND WOULD REQUIRE STRAINING > BEFORE CONSUMPTION BY END USERS. > > 11. IRAQ'S RIVERS ALSO CONTAIN BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS,POLLUTANTS, AND ARE > LADEN WITH BACTERIA. UNLESS THE WATER IS PURIFIED WITH CHLORINE > EPIDEMICS OF SUCH DISEASES AS CHOLERA,HEPATITIS, AND TYPHOID COULD OCCUR.) > > 12. WATER TREATMENT REGIMES. WATER TREATMENT IS SPECIFIC TO THE > IMPURITIES OF THE WATER TREATED AND TO THE APPLICATION FOR WHICH THE > WATER WILL BE USED. THE BASIC PROCESS REQUIRES CLARIFICATION (REMOVING > SUSPENDED SOLIDS), FILTRATION, AND, FOR DRINKING AND SOME INDUSTRIAL > USES, PURIFICATION. IN IRAQ, THE PROCESS ALSO INCLUDES DESALINATING AND > WATER SOFTENING. > > 13. CLARIFICATION REQUIRES ADDING FLOCCULANTS AND COAGULANTS TO THE > WATER. THE IRAOIS USE ALUMINUM SULPHATE ALTHOUGH IRON SULPHATES ARE > ACCEPTABLE TO BIND THE SUSPENDED SOLIDS INTO CLUMPS FOR SETTLING. IF NOT > REMOVED, THE SEDIMENTS, OR SLUDGE, WOULD CLOG THE FILTRATION SYSTEM > (PROBABLY SAND) AND SHUT DOWN THE WATER PURIFICATION PLANT UNTIL THE > CLOGS WERE REMOVED. ALUMINUM SULPHATE SUPPLY LEVELS ARE KNOWN TO BE > CRITICALLY LOW, SINCE IRAQ TRIED AND FAILED TO OBTAIN PRECURSOR > CHEMICALS FROM JORDAN FOR ITS MANUFACTURE. > > 14. CHLORINATION NORMALY IS ACCOMPLISHED DURING SEVERAL STAGES OF > PURIFICATION, INCLUDING THE INITAL TREATMENT STAGE TO PREVENT THE > EQUIPMENT FROM LIMING AND TO KILL PATHOGENS JUST PRIOR TO STORING THE > FULLY TREATED WATER. THE CHLORINE USED IN MOST PLANTS IS EITHER SODIUM > HYPOCHLORITE, A LIOUID, OR CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE, A POWDER. IF THEY ARE > EQUIPPED WITH INJECTORS, LOW-CAPACITY PLANTS CAN USE CHLORINE GAS > DIRECTLY. IRAO'S PLANT IN FALLUJA AND THE PC-I PETROCHEMICAL PLANT AT > BASRAH PRODUCE SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE AND, AS A BY-PRODUCT, CAUSTIC SODA, > WHICH IS USED TO ADJUST THE PH OF WATER SUPPLIES. NORMALLY, BOTH > LOCATIONS PRODUCE RELATIVELY SMALL QUANTITIES OF CHLORINE FOR INDUSTRIAL > AND SOME MUNICIPAL USE; CHLORINE FOR MUNICIPAL SUPPLIES ALSO IS > IMPORTED.RECENT REPORTS INDICATE THE CHLORINE SUPPLY IS CRITICALLY LOW. > ITS IMPORTATION HAS BEEN EMBARGOED, AND BOTH MAIN PRODUCTION PLANTS > EITHER HAD BEEN SHUT DOWN FOR A TIME OR HAVE BEEN > PRODUCING MINIMAL OUTPUTS BECAUSE OF THE LACK OF IMPORTED CHEMICALS AND > THE INABILITY TO REPLACE PARTS. PREVIOUSLY WHEN SUPPLIES WERE LOW, THE > IRAQI SHAVE STOPPED CHLORINATING THE DRINKING WATER, BUT ONLY FOR SHORT > PERIODS. TO RETARD ALGAE GROWTH, WHICH COULD CLOG PIPES, COPPER SULPHATE > NORMALLY IS ADDED TO THE WATER. BUT THIS PRACTICE HAS NOT BEEN VERIFIED > IN IRAO, AND SUPPLIES OF COPPER SULPHATE ARE UNKNOWN.SULFURIC ACID > TYPICALLY IS ADDED AS WELL, BUT IRAQ PROBABLY CAN PRODUCE SUFFICIENT > SUPPLIES. > > 15. IRAQ APPARENTLY USES LIME, AT LEAST AT THE NEW KARKH TREATMENT > PLANT, TO SOFTEN WATER. THE LIME PRECIPITATES COLLOIDAL CARBONATE > IMPURITIES FROM THE WATER. SODA ASH AND ZEOLITES ALSO NORMALLY ARE USED > TO REMOVE NONCARBONATE MINERAL IMPURITIES, BUT THEIR USE IN IRAO HAS NOT > BEEN DETERMINED. LOCAL COMPANIES SELL BOTTLED SOFT WATER IN IRAO, > SUGGESTING THAT MUNICIPAL WATER SYSTEMS DO NOT NORMALLY SOFTEN WATER. > IRAQ SHOULD HAVE NO SHORTAGES OF LIME. HOWEVER, THE LACK OF SOFTENING > CHEMICALS REPORTEDLY HAS INCAPACITATED THE BOTTLED SOFT-WATER INDUSTRY. > > 16. BETWEEN 1982 AND 1990, SOME IRAOI INDUSTRIES INSTALLED REVERSIBLE > ION EXCHANGE ELECTRODIALYSIS MEMBRANE SYSTEMS, OBTAINED FROM AN AMERICAN > SOURCE, TO SOFTEN AND DESALINATE WATER. THE MEMBRANES LAST 5 TO 7 YEARS > AND DO NOT REQUIRE CHEMICAL PRETREATMENT OF THE WATER. THEY NORMALLY > SERVE SMALLER VOLUME REQUIREMENTS.HOWEVER, A MAJOR OIL REFINERY, AL > DAURA IN BAGHDAD, INSTALLED THIS SYSTEM IN 1985, AND IT PRODUCES 24,000 > CUBIC METERS OF PURIFIED WATER PER DAY. > > 17. ABOUT ONE QUARTER OF ALL IRAOI WATER SUPPLIED FOR INDUSTRIAL AND > HUMAN CONSUMPTION REQUIRES DESALINIZATION. IRAO RELIES ALMOST > EXCLUSIVELY ON ION EXCHANGE OR REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEMS RATHER THAN > MULTISTAGE FLASH UNITS. ION EXCHANGE AND REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANES ARE > SPECIFIC TO THE TYPE OF EQUIPMENT OF WHICH THEY ARE A COMPONENT, AS ARE > THE CHEMICALS REOUIRED. PREVIOUS IRAQI USE OF SUBSTITUTES HAS NOT BEEN > SATISFACTORY. IRAO REPORTEDLY DEPENDS ON IMPORTED MEMBRANES AND IMPORTS > CHEMICALS FROM SEVERAL SOURCES. IRAQ HAD NOT COMPLETED THE MAJOR > PURCHASE AND DELIVERY OF SPARE MEMBRANES BEFORE INVADING KUWAIT. > ATTEMPTS TO PROCURE MEMBRANES SINCE THE UN SANCTIONS WERE IMPOSED HAVE > FAILED. SINCE THE ATTEMPT TO IMPORT MEMBRANES CORRESPONED TO THEIR > NORMAL REPLACEMENT PERIOD, IRAQ APPARENTLY DID NOT STOCKPILE ABUNDANT > SPACE MEMBRANES OR CHEMICALS AND PROBABLY HAD NO MORE THAN A 2-MONTH > SUPPLY PRIOR TO THE INVASION. > > 18. POLYAMIDE MEMBRANES WHICH IRAO USES IN SOME DESALINIZATION > EOUIPMENT, DETERIORATE WHEN EXPOSED TO CHLORINE IONS.PRIOR TO PASSING > THROUGH THE MEMBRANE, WAT-ER IS TREATED WITH SODIUM METABISULPHITE TO > REMOVE THE CHLORINE USED IN PRETREATMENT. THE CHLORINE THEN IS RE-STORED > FOR LATER PURIFICATION. THE STATUS OF SODIUM METABISULPHITE SUPPLIES IS > NOT KNOWN, BUT SUPPLIES PROBABLY ARE DWINDLING, WHICH WILL ESCALATE > FAILURES OF THIS MEMBRANE TYPE.IRAO ALSO USES CELLULOSE ACETATE > MEMBRANES (AN OLD TECHNOLOGY),WHICH HAVE AN EXCEPTIONALLY SHORT LIFE AND > ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION. IRAO REPORTEDLY CAN > MANUFACTURE CELLULOSE MEMBRANES, BUT THE AVAILABILITY OF PRECURSOR > STOCKS IS PROBABLY LOW.IRAQ HAD BEEN ACOUIRING REVERSE ELECTRODIALYSIS > ION EXCHANGE MEMBRANES PRIOR TO THE UN SANCTIONS. HOWEVER, MOST SYSTEMS > USE REVERSE OSMOSIS OR UNIDIRECTIONAL ELECTRODIALYSIS, WHICH, UNLIKE > REVERSE ELECTRODIALYSIS MEMBRANES, REOUIRE CHEMICALS TO MAKE THEM WORK.) > > 19. INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT. INDUSTRIES REQUIRE TREATED WATER, AND > THE TYPE OF TREATMENT DEPENDS ON THE APPLICATION. NORMALLY, SOFTENING > AND DESALINIZATION ARE REOUIRED TO PREVENT PIPE SAND EOUIPMENT FROM > CORRODING OR SCALING. IN THE PETRO CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, WATER USED FOR > COOLING IS PARTIALLY TREATED TO PREVENT SCALING. WATER USED IN THERMAL > POWERPLANTS OR REFINERIES TO PRODUCE STEAM MUST BE PURE TO PREVENT BOTH > CORROSION AND SCALING.OTHERWISE, LOSS OF CAPABILITY COULD OCCUR WITHIN 2 > MONTHS. IN ADDITION, FOOD PROCESSING, ELECTRONIC, AND, > PARTICULARLY,PHARMACEUTICAL PLANTS REOUIRE EXTREMELY PURE WATER THAT IS > FREE FROM BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS. LARGE INDUSTRIAL PLANTS, INCLUDING > PETROCHEMICAL, REFINING, AND FERTILIZER PLANTS, COLLOCATE THEIR WATER > TREATMENT FACILITIES. TURNKEY CONTRACTORS BUILT THESE FACILITIES, AND > THE PARTS ARE SPECIFIC TO EACH SYSTEM, WHICH COMPLICATES THEIR > REPLACEMENT. THE IRAOIS COULD NOT MANUFACTURE DUPLICATES AND THEIR > IMPORTATION IS EMBARGOED.) > > 20. IRAQI ALTERNATIVES. IRAQ COULD TRY CONVINCING THE UNITED NATIONS OR > INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES TO EXEMPT WATER TREATMENT SUPPLIES FROM SANCTIONS > FOR HUMANITARIAN REASONS. IT PROBABLY ALSO IS ATTEMPTING TO PURCHASE > SUPPLIES BY USING SOME SYMPATHETIC COUNTRIES AS FRONTS. IF SUCH ATTEMPTS > FAIL, IRAQI ALTERNATIVES ARE NOT ADEOUATE FOR THEIR NATIONAL REOUIREMENTS. > > 21. VARIOUS IRAOI INDUSTRIES HAVE WATER TREATMENT CHEMICAL SAND > EQUIPMENT ON HAND, IF THEY HAVE NOT ALREADY BEEN CONSUMED OR BROKEN. > IRAO POSSIBLY COULD CANNIBALIZE PARTS OR ENTIRE SYSTEMS FROM LOWER TO > HIGHER PRIORITY PLANTS, AS WELL AS DIVERT CHEMICALS,SUCH AS CHLORINE. > HOWEVER, THIS CAPABILITY WOULD BE LIMITED AND TEMPORARY. IRAQ PREVIOUSLY > HAD ACQUIRED SEVERAL HUNDRED CONTAINERIZED REVERSE OSMOSIS MODULES FOR > LOCALIZED USE THAT COULD BE RELOCATED. WITHOUT CHEMICALS AND REPLACEMENT > MEMBRANES, THESE UNITS WHERE EVENTUALLY WOULD BECOME USELESS. HOWEVER, > CONSOLIDATING CHEMICALS OR CANNIBALIZING PARTS AND MOVING UNITS WHERE > NECESSARY COULD SUSTAIN SOME PURIFICATION OPERATIONS INDUSTRIAL PLANTS > THAT ARE INOPERABLE FOR REASONS-OTHER THAN THE LACK OF WATER TREATMENT > SUPPLIES COULD PROCESS WATER FOR MUNICIPAL NEEDS OR POSSIBLY RELOCATE > THEIR PURIFICATION EOUIPMENT. > > 22. THE DIFFERENCE IN WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS LIMITS THE BENEFITS TO > IRAQ OF PLUNDERING KUWAIT'S WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS. THE KUWAITIS RELY > PRIMARILY ON DESALINATING SEAWATER, AND THEIR WATER NEEDS ARE > CONSIDERABLY SMALLER THAN IRAQ'S. IRAQ COULD NOT USE CHEMICALS INTENDED > FOR KUWAITI WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS, EXCEPT FOR LIMITED QUANTITIES OF > CHLORINE. ATTEMPTS TO CIRCUMVENT THE SANCTIONS TO OBTAIN WATER TREATMENT > CHEMICALS SUGGEST THAT ANY USEFUL SUPPLIES FROM KUWAIT ALREADY HAVE BEEN > LOOTED AND USED. > > 23. IRAO HAS INSTALLED A PIPELINE FROM THE DOHA DESALINIZATION PLANT IN > KUWAIT THAT CONNECTS WITH DISTRIBUTION PIPES AT A WATERTREATMENT PLANT > NEAR BASRAH. THIS SOURCE OF PURE WATER APPARENTLY HAS ENABLED THE PC-I > PETROCHEMICAL PLANT TO OPERATE AND TO PRODUCE CHLORINE BY ELECTROLYSIS > OF KUWAITI WATER MIXED WITH PURE SODIUM CHLORIDE. AT LEAST SOME OF THIS > CHLORINE PROBABLY IS USED FOR MUNICIPAL WATER PURIFICATION, BUT THE > OUANTITY PRODUCED WOULD BE INADEOUATE FOR NATIONAL REOUIREMENTS. > MOREOVER, SOME OF THE CHLORINE PROBABLY IS USED AT THE PC-I PLANT TO > MAKE POLYVINYL CHLORIDES TO CREATE THE PLASTIC SHEETS USED IN > AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION. THE USE OF KUWAITI WATER PROBABLY WILL NOT LAST > LONG SINCE THE DOHA PLANT USES THE MULTISTAGE FLASH DESALINIZATION > PROCESS, WHICH REOUIRES ACID DOSING OR THE ADDITION OF POLYMERS TO > PREVENT SCALING OF THE HEAT EXCHANGES. THE UN SANCTIONS MAY PREVENT > RESUPPLY OF THESE CHEMICALS. INTENSIVE MAINTENANCE ALSO IS REOUIRED TO > KEEP THE UNITS OPERATING, AND THAT PROBABLY WOULD REOUIRE THE SERVICES > OF TRAINED KUWAITI EMPLOYEES SINCE IRAQ HAS LITTLE EXPERIENCE WITH > MULTISTAGE FLASH UNITS. > > 24. IRAQ'S BEST SOURCES OF QUALITY WATER ARE IN THE MOUNTAINS OF THE > NORTH AND NORTHEAST, WHERE MINERALIZATION AND SALINITY ARE WITHIN > ACCEPTABLE LIMITS. FOR THE SHORT TERM, IRAO CONCEIVABLY COULD TRUCK > WATER FROM THE MOUNTAIN RESERVOIRS TO URBAN AREAS. BUT THE CAPABILITY TO > GAIN SIGNIFICANT QUANTITIES IS EXTREMELY LIMITED. THE AMOUNT OF PIPE ON > HAND AND THE LACK OF PUMPING STATIONS WOULD LIMIT LAYING PIPELINES TO > THESE RESERVOIRS. MOREOVER, WITHOUT CHLORINE PURIFICATION, THE WATER > STILL WOULD CONTAIN BIOLOGICAL POLLUTANTS. SOME AFFLUENT IRAQIS COULD > OBTAIN THEIR OWN MINIMALLY ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF GOOD OUALITY WATER FROM > NORTHERN IRAOI SOURCES.IF BOILED, THE WATER COULD BE SAFELY CONSUMED. > POORER IRAQIS AND INDUSTRIES REQUIRING LARGE OUANTITIES OF PURE WATER > WOULD NOT BE ABLE TO MEET THEIR NEEDS. > > 25. PRECIPITATION OCCURS IN IRAQ DURING THE WINTER AND SPRING,BUT IT > FALLS PRIMARILY IN THE NORTHERN MOUNTAINS. SPORADIC RAINS,SOMETIMES > HEAVY , FALL OVER THE LOWER PLAINS. BUT IRAQ COULD NOT RELY ON RAIN TO > PROVIDE ADEQUATE PURE WATER. > > 26. THE SALINE OR ALKALINE CONTENT-OF GROUND WATER IN MOST LOCATIONS > WOULD CONSTRAIN DRILLING WELLS IN THE MESOPOTAMIAN PLAIN TO OBTAIN PURER > WATER MOREOVER, MUCH OF THE POPULATION USES SEPTIC TANKS, AND THE > UNDERLYING GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY WOULD CONTAMINATE WELLS IN MANY > LOCATIONS.))OUTLOOK) > > 27. IRAQ WILL SUFFER INCREASING SHORTAGES OF PURIFIED WATER BECAUSE OF > THE LACK OF REOUIRED CHEMICALS AND DESALINIZATION MEMBRANES. INCIDENCES > OF DISEASE, INCLUDING POSSIBLE EPIDEMICS,WILL BECOME PROBABLE UNLESS THE > POPULATION WERE CAREFUL TO BOIL WATER BEFORE CONSUMPTION, PARTICULARLY > SINCE THE SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEM, NEVER A HIGH PRIORITY, WILL SUFFER > THE SAME LOSS OF CAPABILITY WITH THE LACK OF CHLORINE. LOCALLY PRODUCED > FOOD AND MEDICINE COULD BE CONTAMINATED. LACK OF COAGULATION CHEMICALS > WILL CAUSE PERIODIC SHUTDOWNS OF TREATMENT PLANTS FOR UNCLOGGING AND > CLEANING FILTERS, CAUSING INTERRUPTIONS OF WATER SUPPLIES. AS > DESALINIZATION EQUIPMENT BECOMES INOPERABLE, SALINE WATER SOURCES WILL > BECOME INCREASINGLY UNUSABLE. TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT SHUT DOWNS OF > INDUSTRIAL PLANTS THAT RELY ON TREATED WATER WILL MULTIPLY.CANNIBALIZING > LOWER PRIORITY OPERATIONS WILL ACCELERATE THE TREND. > > 28. THE ENTIRE IRAOI WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM WILL NOT COLLAPSE > PRECIPITOUSLY, BUT ITS CAPABILITIES WILL DECLINE STEADILY AS DWINDLING > SUPPLIES INCREASINGLY ARE DIVERTED TO HIGHER PRIORITY SITES WITH > COMPATIBLE EQUIPMENT. KARKH, IRAO'S LARGEST WATERTREATMENT PLANT (AND > ONE OF THE WORLD'S LARGEST), WAS DESIGNED TO STORE 30 DAYS OF SUPPLIES > ON SITE. THE QUANTITY OF SUPPLIES, IF ANY, NORMALLY STOCKPILED IN > CENTRALIZED WAREHOUSES BEFORE SHIPMENT TO TREATMENT PLANTS IS UNKNOWN, > BUT A 6 MONTH TO I YEAR SUPPLY OF CHEMICALS IS THE NORMAL INDUSTRIAL > PRACTICE. HOWEVER, CURRENT IRAQI EFFORTS TO OBTAIN CHEMICALS AND > MEMBRANES AND THE INSTALLATION OF A PIPELINE TO OBTAIN PURE KUWAITI > WATER SUGGEST THAT THERE WAS NOT ADEOUATE STOCKPILING PRIOR TO THE > INVASION OF KUWAIT. SOME CHEMICALS ARE DEPLETED OR ARE NEARING > DEPLETION, AND OLDER MEMBRANES ARE NOT BEING REPLACED ON SCHEDULE. > CONSEOUENTLY, IRAQ PROBABLY IS USING UNTREATED OR PARTIALLY TREATED > WATER IN SOME LOCATIONS. FULL DEGRADATION OF THE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM > > PROBABLY WILL TAKE AT LEAST ANOTHER 6 MONTHS. > > [ (b)(2) ] > > ENDS > > * See also: NucNews Links and Archives (by date) at http://nucnews.net * (Posted for educational and research purposes only, in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. section 107) * _______________________________________________ Sent via the discussion list of the Campaign Against Sanctions on Iraq. To unsubscribe, visit http://lists.casi.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/casi-discuss To contact the list manager, email casi-discuss-admin@lists.casi.org.uk All postings are archived on CASI's website: http://www.casi.org.uk